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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 548
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 549
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 551
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 555
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 556
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 557
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 558
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 559
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 560
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 561
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 562
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 563
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 564
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 565
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 566
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 567
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 568
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 569
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 570
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 571
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 572
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Page 573
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 574
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 575
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 576
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 577
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 578
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Page 579
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 580
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 581
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 582
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 583
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 584
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Page 585
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 586
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 587
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 588
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 589
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 590
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 591
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 592
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Page 593
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Page 594
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Page 595
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Page 596
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Page 597
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Page 598
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Page 599
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Page 600
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 601
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 602
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Page 603
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 604
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 605
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 606
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 608
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 609
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 610
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 611
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 612
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 613
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 616
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 617
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 632
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 633
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 635
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 636
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 637
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 638
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 639
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 640
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 641
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 642
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 643
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 644
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 645
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 646
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 647
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 648
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 649
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 650
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 651
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 652
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 653
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 654
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 655
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 656
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 657
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 659
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 660
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 661
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 662
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 663
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 664
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 665
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 666
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 667
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 668
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 669
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 670
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 671
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 672
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Page 673
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 2006. Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Guide to Nutrient Requirements. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/11537.
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Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

INTRODUCTION 543 REFERENCES Full references, which also appear in the parent report series, the Dietary Refer- ence Intakes, are not printed in this book but are provided online at http:// www.nap.edu/catalog/11537.html.

References INTRODUCTION TO THE DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (ISBN 0-309-08537-3), Chapter 1, pp. 36–37. AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics). 1997. Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics 100:1035–1039. Atkinson SA, Alston-Mills BP, Lonnerdal B, Neville MC, Thompson M. 1995. Major minerals and ionic constituents of human and bovine milk. In: Jensen RJ, ed. Handbook of Milk Composition. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. Pp. 593–619. Butte NF, Garza C, Smith EO, Nichols BL. 1984. Human milk intake and growth in exclusively breast-fed infants. J Pediatr 104:187–195. Chandra RK. 1984. Physical growth of exclusively breast-fed infants. Nutr Res 2:275– 276. COMA (Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy). 1991. Dietary Reference Values for Food Energy and Nutrients in the United Kingdom. Report on Health and Social Subjects, No. 41. London: HMSO. FAO/WHO/UNA (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/ World Health Organization/United Nations Association). 1985. Energy and Protein Requirements. Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNA Expert Consultation. Tech- nical Report Series. No. 724. Geneva: WHO. Garby L, Lammert O. 1984. Within-subjects between-days-and-weeks variation in energy expenditure at rest. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 38:395–397. Health Canada. 1990. Nutrition Recommendations. The Report of the Scientific Review Committee 1990. Ottawa: Canadian Government Publishing Centre. Heinig MJ, Nommsen LA, Peerson JM, Lonnerdal B, Dewey KG. 1993. Energy and protein intakes of breast-fed and formula-fed infants during the first year of life and their association with growth velocity: The DARLING Study. Am J Clin Nutr 58:152–161. 545

546 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES Herman-Giddens ME, Slora EJ, Wasserman RC, Bourdony CJ, Bhapkar MV, Koch GG, Hasemeier CM. 1997. Secondary sexual characteristics and menses in young girls seen in office practice: A study from the Pediatric Research in Office Settings Network. Pediatrics 99:505–512. Hofvander Y, Hagman U, Hillervik C, Sjolin S. 1982. The amount of milk con- sumed by 1–3 months old breast- or bottle-fed infants. Acta Paediatr Scand 71:953–958. IOM (Institute of Medicine). 1991. Nutrition During Lactation. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. IOM. 1997. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. IOM. 1998. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. IOM. 2000a. Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in Dietary Assessment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. IOM. 2000b. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. IOM. 2001. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chro- mium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Grummer-Strawn LM, Flegal KM, Guo SS, Wei R, Mei Z, Curtin LR, Roche AF, Johnson CL. 2000. CDC growth charts: United States. Adv Data 314:1–28. Neville MC, Keller R, Seacat J, Lutes V, Neifert M, Casey C, Allen J, Archer P. 1988. Studies in human lactation: Milk volumes in lactating women during the onset of lactation and full lactation. Am J Clin Nutr 48:1375–1386. NRC (National Research Council). 1989. Recommended Dietary Allowances, 10th ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Specker BL, Beck A, Kalkwarf H, Ho M. 1997. Randomized trial of varying mineral intake on total body bone mineral accretion during the first year of life. Pediat- rics 99:E12. Tanner JM. 1990. Growth at Adolescence. Oxford: Oxford University Press. WHO (World Health Organization). 1996. Trace Elements in Human Nutrition and Health. Geneva: WHO. Ibid., Chapter 4, pp. 105–106. Dourson ML, Stara JF. 1983. Regulatory history and experimental support of uncertainty (safety) factors. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 3:224–238. FAO/WHO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization). 1982. Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contami- nants. Twenty-sixth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. WHO Technical Report Series No. 683. Geneva: WHO. FAO/WHO. 1995. The Application of Risk Analysis to Food Standard Issues. Recom- mendations to the Codex Alimentarius Commission (ALINORM 95/9, Appendix 5). Geneva: WHO. Health Canada. 1993. Health Risk Determination—The Challenge of Health Protection. Ottawa: Health Canada, Health Protection Branch.

547 O NLINE REFERENCES Hill AB. 1971. Principles of Medical Statistics, 9th ed. New York: Oxford University Press. Klaassen CD, Amdur MO, Doull J. 1986. Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 3rd ed. New York: Macmillan. Mertz W, Abernathy CO, Olin SS. 1994. Risk Assessment of Essential Elements. Wash- ington, DC: ILSI Press. NRC (National Research Council). 1983. Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. NRC. 1994. Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment. Washington, DC: National Acad- emy Press. OTA (Office of Technology Assessment). 1993. Researching Health Risks. Washing- ton, DC: OTA. WHO (World Health Organization). 1987. Principles for the Safety Assessment of Food Additives and Contaminants in Food. Environmental Health Criteria 70. Geneva: WHO. WHO. 1996. Trace Elements in Human Nutrition and Health. Geneva: WHO. Zielhuis RL, van der Kreek FW. 1979. The use of a safety factor in setting health- based permissible levels for occupational exposure. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 42:191–201. Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in Dietary Assessment (ISBN 0-309-07183-6), Chapter 10, pp. 168–177. Aickin M, Ritenbaugh C. 1991. Estimation of the true distribution of vitamin A intake by the unmixing algorithm. Communications Stat Simulations 20:255–280. Aksnes L, Aarskog D. 1982. Plasma concentrations of vitamin D metabolites in puberty: Effect of sexual maturation and implications for growth. J Clin Endo- crinol Metab 55:94–101. Aloia JF, Vaswani A, Yeh JK, Ross PL, Flaster E, Dilmanian FA. 1994. Calcium supplementation with and without hormone replacement therapy to prevent postmenopausal bone loss. Ann Intern Med 120:97–103. AR (Army Regulation) 40-25. 1985. See U.S. Departments of the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force, 1985. Baran D, Sorensen A, Grimes J, Lew R, Karellas A, Johnson B, Roche J. 1990. Dietary modification with dairy products for preventing vertebral bone loss in premenopausal women: A three-year prospective study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 70:264–270. Barr SI, Janelle KC, Prior JC. 1995. Energy intakes are higher during the luteal phase of ovulatory menstrual cycles. Am J Clin Nutr 61:39–43. Basiotis PP, Welsh SO, Cronin FJ, Kelsay JL, Mertz W. 1987. Number of days of food intake records required to estimate individual and group nutrient intakes with defined confidence. J Nutr 117:1638–1641. Beaton GH. 1991. Interpretation of results from dietary studies. In: Kohlmeier L, ed. The Diet History Method: Proceedings of the 2nd Berlin Meeting on Nutritional Epidemiology. London: Smith-Gordon/Nishimura. Pp. 15–38. Beaton GH. 1994. Criteria of an adequate diet. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 8th edition. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. Pp. 1491–1505.

548 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES Beaton GH. 1999. Recommended dietary intakes: Individuals and populations. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, Ross AC, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 9th edition. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. Pp. 1705–1725. Beaton GH, Chery A. 1988. Protein requirements of infants: A reexamination of concepts and approaches. Am J Clin Nutr 48:1403–1412. Beaton GH, Milner J, Corey P, McGuire V, Cousins M, Stewart E, deRamos M, Hewitt D, Grambsch PV, Kassim N, Little JA. 1979. Sources of variance in 24- hour dietary recall data: Implications for nutrition study design and interpre- tation. Am J Clin Nutr 32:2546–2559. Beaton GH, Milner J, McGuire V, Feather TE, Little JA. 1983. Source of variance in 24-hour dietary recall data: Implications for nutrition study design and inter- pretation. Carbohydrate sources, vitamins, and minerals. Am J Clin Nutr 37:986–995. Black AE, Prentice AM, Goldberg GR, Jebb SA, Bingham SA, Livingstone MB, Coward WA. 1993. Measurements of total energy expenditure provide insights into the validity of dietary measurements of energy intake. J Am Diet Assoc 93:572–579. Block G, Hartman AM, Dresser CM, Carroll MD, Gannon J, Gardner L. 1986. A data-based approach to diet questionnaire design and testing. Am J Epidemiol 124:453–469. Bolland JE, Ward JY, Bolland TW. 1990. Improved accuracy of estimating food quantities up to 4 weeks after training. J Am Diet Assoc 90:1402–1404, 1407. Bull NL, Buss DH. 1982. Biotin, panthothenic acid and vitamin E in the British household food supply. Hum Nutr Appl Nutr 36:190–196. Burk MC, Pao EM. 1976. Methodology for large-scale surveys of household and individual diets. Home Econ Res Rep No. 40. Washington, DC: Agricultural Research Service/U.S. Department of Agriculture. Burke BS. 1947. The dietary history as a tool in research. J Am Diet Assoc 23:1041– 1046. Buzzard IM, Price KS, Warren RA. 1991. Considerations for selecting nutrient- calculation software: Evaluation of the nutrient database. Am J Clin Nutr 54:7–9. Cameron ME, Van Staveren W. 1988. Manual on Methodology for Food Consumption Studies. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Canadian Council on Nutrition. 1938. Canadian Dietary Standards. Ottawa: Depart- ment of Pensions and National Health. Carriquiry AL. 1999. Assessing the prevalence of nutrient inadequacy. Public Health Nutr 2:23–33. Carriquiry AL, Dodd KW, Nusser SM. 1997. Estimating Adjusted Intake and Bio- chemical Measurement Distributions for NHANES III. Final report prepared for the National Center for Health Statistics. Chan GM, Hoffman K, McMurry M. 1995. Effects of dairy products on bone and body composition in pubertal girls. J Pediatr 126:551–556. Chen C. 1999. Spline Estimators of the Distribution Function of a Variable Mea- sured with Error. Unpublished PhD dissertation. Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames. Chevalley T, Rizzoli R, Nydegger V, Slosman D, Rapin CH, Michel JP, Vasey H, Bonjour JP. 1994. Effects of calcium supplements on femoral bone mineral density and vertebral fracture rate in vitamin-D-replete elderly patients. Osteoporos Int 4:245–252.

549 O NLINE REFERENCES COMA (Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy). 1991. Dietary Reference Values for Food Energy and Nutrients for the United Kingdom. Report on Health and Social Subjects, No. 41. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. Crane NT, Green NR. 1980. Food habits and food preferences of Vietnamese refu- gees living in northern Florida. J Am Diet Assoc 76:591–593. Dabeka RW, McKenzie AD, Conacher HBS, Kirkpatrick DC. 1982. Determination of fluoride in Canadian infant foods and calculation of fluoride intakes by infants. Can J Public Health 73:188–191. Dabeka RW, McKenzie AD, Lecroix GM. 1987. Dietary intakes of lead, cadmium, arsenic and fluoride by Canadian adults: A 24-hour duplicate diet study. Food Addit Contam 4:89–101. Dawson-Hughes B, Dallal GE, Krall EA, Sadowski L, Sahyoun N, Tannenbaum S. 1990. A controlled trial of the effect of calcium supplementation on bone density in postmenopausal women. N Engl J Med 323:878–883. Dawson-Hughes B, Dallal GE, Krall EA, Harris S, Sokoll LJ, Falconer G. 1991. Effect of vitamin D supplementation on wintertime and overall bone loss in healthy postmenopausal women. Ann Intern Med 115:505–512. Dawson-Hughes B, Harris SS, Krall EA, Dallal GE, Falconer G, Green CL. 1995. Rates of bone loss in postmenopausal women randomly assigned to one of two dosages of vitamin D. Am J Clin Nutr 61:1140–1145. Demirjian A. 1980. Anthropometry Report. Height, Weight, and Body Dimensions: A Report from Nutrition Canada. Ottawa: Minister of National Health and Welfare, Health and Promotion Directorate, Health Services and Promotion Branch. Dewey KG, Beaton GH, Fjeld C, Lonnerdal B, Reeds P. 1996. Protein requirements of infants and children. Eur J Clin Nutr 50:S119–S150. Dodd KW. 1996. A Technical Guide to C-SIDE: Software for Intake Distribution Estima- tion Version 1.0. Technical Report 96-TR 32. Ames, IA: Center for Agricultural and Rural Development, Iowa State University. Domel SB. 1997. Self-reports of diet: How children remember what they have eaten. Am J Clin Nutr 65:1148S–1152S. Dwyer J. 1999. Dietary assessment. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, Ross AC, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 9th edition. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. Pp. 937–959. Dwyer JT, Coleman KA. 1997. Insights into dietary recall from a longitudinal study: Accuracy over four decades. Am J Clin Nutr 65:1153S–1158S. Eckert RS, Carroll RJ, Wang N. 1997. Transformations to additivity in measure- ment error models. Biometrics 53:262–272. Eissenstat BR, Wyse BW, Hansen RG. 1986. Pantothenic acid status of adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr 44:931–937. Elders PJ, Netelenbos JC, Lips P, van Ginkel FC, Khoe E, Leeuwenkamp OR, Hack- eng WH, van der Stelt PF. 1991. Calcium supplementation reduces vertebral bone loss in perimenopausal women: A controlled trial in 248 women between 46 and 55 years of age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 73:533–540. Elders PJ, Lips P, Netelenbos JC, van Ginkel FC, Khoe E, van der Vijgh WJ, van der Stelt PF. 1994. Long-term effect of calcium supplementation on bone loss in perimenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res 9:963–970. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization). 1998. FAO Food Balance Sheets 1994– 1996 Average. Rome: FAO.

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827 O NLINE REFERENCES BIOTIN Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (ISBN 0-309-06411-2), Chapter 11, pp. 386–389. Allred JB, Roman-Lopez CR. 1988. Enzymatically inactive forms of acetyl-CoA carboxylase in rat liver mitochondria. Biochem J 251:881–885. Allred JB, Roman-Lopez CR, Jurin RR, McCune SA. 1989. Mitochondrial storage forms of acetyl-CoA carboxylase: Mobilization/activation accounts for in- creased activity of the enzyme in liver of genetically obese Zucker rats. J Nutr 119:478–483. Baugh CM, Malone JH, Butterworth CE Jr. 1968. Human biotin deficiency. A case history of biotin deficiency induced by raw egg consumption in a cirrhotic patient. Am J Clin Nutr 21:173–182. Bhagavan HN. 1969. Biotin content of blood during gestation. Int Z Vitaminforsch 39:235–237. Boas MA. 1927. The effect of desiccation upon the nutritive properties of egg white. Biochem J 21:712–724. Bonjour J-P. 1991. Biotin. In: Machlin LJ, ed. Handbook of Vitamins. New York: Marcel Dekker. Pp. 393–427. Bowers-Komro DM, McCormick DB. 1985. Biotin uptake by isolated rat liver hepa- tocytes. Ann NY Acad Sci 447:350–358. Bull NL, Buss DH. 1982. Biotin, pantothenic acid and vitamin E in the British household food supply. Hum Nutr Appl Nutr 36:190–196. Carlson GL, Williams N, Barber D, Shaffer JL, Wales S, Isherwood D, Shenkin A, Irving MH. 1995. Biotin deficiency complicating long-term total parenteral nutrition in an adult patient. Clin Nutr 14:186–190. Chauhan J, Dakshinamurti K. 1988. Role of human serum biotinidase as biotin- binding protein. Biochem J 256:265–270. Colamaria V, Burlina AB, Gaburro D, Pajno-Ferrara F, Saudubray JM, Merino RG, Dalla Bernardina B. 1989. Biotin-responsive infantile encephalopathy: EEG- polygraphic study of a case. Epilepsia 30:573–578. Dakshinamurti K. 1994. Biotin. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. Pp. 426–431. Dostalova L. 1984. Vitamin status during puerperium and lactation. Ann Nutr Metab 28:385–408. Gillis J, Murphy FR, Boxall LB, Pencharz PB. 1982. Biotin deficiency in a child on long-term TPN. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 6:308–310. Guilarte TR. 1985. Measurement of biotin levels in human plasma using a radio- metric-microbiological assay. Nutr Rep Int 31:1155–1163. Hirano M, Honma K, Daimatsu T, Hayakawa K, Oizumi J, Zaima K, Kanke Y. 1992. Longitudinal variations of biotin content in human milk. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 62:281–282. Hoppner K, Lampi B, Smith DC. 1978. An appraisal of the daily intakes of vitamin B12, pantothenic acid and biotin from a composite Canadian diet. Can Inst Food Sci Technol J 11:71–74. Hu Z-Q, Henderson GI, Mock DM, Schenker S. 1994. Biotin uptake by basolateral membrane vesicles of human placenta: Normal characteristics and role of ethanol. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 206:404–408.

828 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES Innis SM, Allardyce DB. 1983. Possible biotin deficiency in adults receiving long- term total parenteral nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 37:185–187. Karl PI, Fisher SE. 1992. Biotin transport in microvillous membrane vesicles, cul- tured trophoblasts and isolated perfused human placenta. Am J Physiol 262:C302–C308. Khalidi N, Wesley JR, Thoene JG, Whitehouse WM Jr, Baker WL. 1984. Biotin deficiency in a patient with short bowel syndrome during home parenteral nutrition. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 8:311–314. Kien CL, Kohler E, Goodman SI, Berlow S, Hong R, Horowitz SP, Baker H. 1981. Biotin-responsive in vivo carboxylase deficiency in two siblings with secretory diarrhea receiving total parenteral nutrition. J Pediatr 99:546–550. Kopinski JS, Leibholz J, Bryden WL. 1989a. Biotin studies in pigs. 3. Biotin absorp- tion and synthesis. Br J Nutr 62:767–772. Kopinski JS, Leibholz J, Bryden WL. 1989b. Biotin studies in pigs. 4. Biotin avail- ability in feedstuffs for pigs and chickens. Br J Nutr 62:773–780. Koutsikos D, Fourtounas C, Kapetanaki A, Agroyannis B, Tzanatos H, Rammos G, Kopelias I, Bosiolis B, Bovoleti O, Darema M, Sallum G. 1996. Oral glucose tolerance test after high-dose i.v. biotin administration in normoglucemic hemodialysis patients. Ren Fail 18:131–137. Kramer TR, Briske-Anderson M, Johnson SB, Holman RT. 1984. Effects of biotin deficiency on polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in rats. J Nutr 114:2047– 2052. Lagier P, Bimar P, Seriat-Gautier S, Dejode JM, Brun T, Bimar J. 1987. Zinc and biotin deficiency during prolonged parenteral nutrition in infants. Presse Med 16:1795–1797. Lewis J, Buss DH. 1988. Trace nutrients: Minerals and vitamins in the British house- hold food supply. Br J Nutr 60:413–424. Liu YY, Shigematsu Y, Bykov I, Nakai A, Kikawa Y, Fukui T, Sudo M. 1994. Abnormal fatty acid composition of lymphocytes of biotin-deficient rats. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 40:283–288. Livaniou E, Evangelatos GP, Ithakissios DS, Yatzidis H, Koutsicos DC. 1987. Serum biotin levels in patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Nephron 46:331– 332. Matsusue S, Kashihara S, Takeda H, Koisumi S. 1985. Biotin deficiency during total parenteral nutrition: Its clinical manifestation and plasma nonesterified fatty acid level. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 9:760–763. McCormick DB. 1976. Biotin. In: Hegsted M, ed. Present Knowledge in Nutrition. Washington, DC: The Nutrition Foundation. Pp. 217–225. McCormick DB, Wright LD. 1971. The metabolism of biotin and analogues. In: Florkin M, Stotz EH, eds. Comprehensive Biochemistry, Vol. 21. Amsterdam: Elsevier. Pp. 81–110. Mock DM. 1996. Biotin. In: Ziegler EE, Filer LJ Jr, eds. Present Knowledge in Nutrition, 7th ed. Washington, DC: ILSI Nutrition Foundation. Pp. 220–235. Mock DM, Dyken ME. 1997. Biotin catabolism is accelerated in adults receiving long-term therapy with anticonvulsants. Neurology 49:1444–1447. Mock DM, Heird GM. 1997. Urinary biotin analogs increase in humans during chronic supplementation: The analogs are biotin metabolites. Am J Physiol 272:E83–E85. Mock DM, Malik MI. 1992. Distribution of biotin in human plasma: Most of the biotin is not bound to protein. Am J Clin Nutr 56:427–432.

829 O NLINE REFERENCES Mock DM, Stadler DD. 1997. Conflicting indicators of biotin status from a cross- sectional study of normal pregnancy. J Am Coll Nutr 16:252–257. Mock DM, Delorimer AA, Liebman WM, Sweetman L, Baker H. 1981. Biotin defi- ciency: An unusual complication of parenteral alimentation. N Engl J Med 304:820–823. Mock DM, Baswell DL, Baker H, Holman RT, Sweetman L. 1985. Biotin deficiency complicating parenteral alimentation: Diagnosis, metabolic repercussions, and treatment. J Pediatr 106:762–769. Mock DM, Johnson SB, Holman RT. 1988a. Effects of biotin deficiency on serum fatty acid composition: Evidence for abnormalities in humans. J Nutr 118:342– 348. Mock DM, Mock NI, Johnson SB, Holman RT. 1988b. Effects of biotin deficiency on plasma and tissue fatty acid composition: Evidence for abnormalities in rats. Pediatr Res 24:396–403. Mock DM, Mock NI, Langbehn SE. 1992. Biotin in human milk: Methods, loca- tion, and chemical form. J Nutr 122:535–545. Mock DM, Mock NI, Stratton SL. 1997a. The concentrations of biotin metabolites in human milk. J Pediatr 131:456–458. Mock DM, Stadler DD, Stratton SL, Mock NI. 1997b. Biotin status assessed longitu- dinally in pregnant women. J Nutr 127:710–716. Mock NI, Malik MI, Stumbo PJ, Bishop WP, Mock DM. 1997. Increased urinary excretion of 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid and decreased urinary excretion of biotin are sensitive early indicators of decreased status in experimental biotin defi- ciency. Am J Clin Nutr 65:951–958. Moss AJ, Levy AS, Kim I, Park YK. 1989. Use of Vitamin and Mineral Supplements in the United States: Current Users, Types of Products, and Nutrients. Advance Data, Vital and Health Statistics of the National Center for Health Statistics, No. 174. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. Murphy SP, Calloway DH. 1986. Nutrient intake of women in NHANES II, empha- sizing trace minerals, fiber, and phytate. J Am Diet Assoc 86:1366–1372. NRC (National Research Council). 1989. Recommended Dietary Allowances, 10th ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Oppel TW. 1948. Studies of biotin metabolism in man: 4. Studies of the mecha- nism of absorption of biotin and the effect of biotin administration on a few cases of seborrhea and other conditions. Am J Med Sci 215:76–83. Paul AA, Southgate DAT. 1978. McCance and Widdowson’s The Composition of Foods. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office. Paul PK, Duttagupta PN. 1975. The effect of an acute dose of biotin at the pre- implantation stage and its relation with female sex steroids in the rat. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 21:89–101. Paul PK, Duttagupta PN. 1976. The effect of an acute dose of biotin at a post- implantation stage and its relation with female sex steroids in the rat. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 22:181–186. Ramaekers VT, Brab M, Rau G, Heimann G. 1993. Recovery from neurological deficits following biotin treatment in a biotinidase Km variant. Neuropediatrics 24:98–102. Roth KS, Yang W, Allan L, Saunders M, Gravel RA, Dakshinamurti K. 1982. Prenatal administration of biotin in biotin responsive multiple carboxylase deficiency. Pediatr Res 16:126–129.

830 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES Salmenpera L, Perheentupa J, Pispa JP, Siimes MA. 1985. Biotin concentrations in maternal plasma and milk during prolonged lactation. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 55:281–285. Schenker S, Hu Z, Johnson RF, Yang Y, Frosto T, Elliott BD, Henderson GI, Mock DM. 1993. Human placental biotin transport: Normal characteristics and effect of ethanol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 17:566–575. Shriver BJ, Roman-Shriver C, Allred JB. 1993. Depletion and repletion of biotinyl enzymes in liver of biotin-deficient rats: Evidence of a biotin storage system. J Nutr 123:1140–1149. Sorrell MF, Frank O, Thompson AD, Aquino H, Baker H. 1971. Absorption of vitamins from the large intestine in vivo. Nutr Rep Int 3:143–148. Wolf B, Heard GS, McVoy JR, Raetz HM. 1984. Biotinidase deficiency: The possible role of biotinidase in the processing of dietary protein-bound biotin. J Inherit Metab Dis 7:121–122. Wolf B, Grier RE, McVoy JR, Heard GS. 1985. Biotinidase deficiency: A novel vitamin recycling defect. J Inherit Metab Dis 8:53–58. Yatzidis H, Koutsicos D, Agroyannis B, Papastephanidis C, Francos-Plemenos M, Delatola Z. 1984. Biotin in the management of uremic neurologic disorders. Nephron 36:183–186. Zempleni J, McCormick DB, Mock DM. 1997. Identification of biotin sulfone, bis- norbiotin methyl ketone, and tetranorbiotin-1-sulfoxide in human urine. Am J Clin Nutr 65:508–511. Ibid., Chapter 13, p. 436. Beaton GH. 1994. Criteria of an adequate diet. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. Pp. 1491–1505. Hegsted DM. 1972. Problems in the use and interpretation of the Recommended Dietary Allowances. Ecol Food Nutr 1:255–265. IOM (Institute of Medicine). 1994. How Should the Recommended Dietary Allowances Be Revised? Washington, DC: National Academy Press. NRC (National Research Council). 1986. Nutrient Adequacy. Assessment Using Food Consumption Surveys. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Nusser SM, Carriquiry AL, Dodd KW, Fuller WA. 1996. A semiparametric transfor- mation approach to estimating usual daily intake distributions. J Am Stat Assoc 91:1440–1449. USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture). 1992. The Food Guide Pyramid. Home and Garden Bulletin Number 252. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. WHO (World Health Organization). 1996. Trace Elements in Human Nutrition and Health. Prepared in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the International Atomic Energy Agency. Geneva: WHO.

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975 O NLINE REFERENCES NIACIN Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (ISBN 0-309-06411-2), Chapter 6, pp. 145–149. Bean WB, Spies TD. 1940. A study of the effects of nicotinic acid and related pyridine and pyrazine compounds on the temperature of the skin of human beings. Am Heart J 20:62–75. Bechgaard H, Jespersen S. 1977. GI absorption of niacin in humans. J Pharm Sci 66:871–872. Bernofsky C. 1980. Physiology aspects of pyridine nucleotide regulation in mam- mals. Mol Cell Biochem 33:135–143. Carpenter KJ, Lewin WJ. 1985. A reexamination of the composition of diets associ- ated with pellagra. J Nutr 115:543–552. Carter EG, Carpenter KJ. 1982. The bioavailability for humans of bound niacin from wheat bran. Am J Clin Nutr 36:855–861. CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). 1983. Niacin intoxication from pumpernickel bagels—New York. MMWR 32:305. Clementz GL, Holmes AW. 1987. Nicotinic acid-induced fulminant hepatic failure. J Clin Gastroenterol 9:582–584. Committee on Nutrition. 1985. Composition of human milk: Normative data. In: Pediatric Nutrition Handbook, 2nd ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics. Pp. 363–368. Dalton TA, Berry RS. 1992. Hepatotoxicity associated with sustained-release niacin. Am J Med 93:102–104. Dillon JC, Malfait P, Demaux G, Foldihope C. 1992. Urinary metabolites of niacin during the course of pellagra. Ann Nutr Metab 36:181–185. Einstein N, Baker A, Galper J, Wolfe H. 1975. Jaundice due to nicotinic acid therapy. Am J Dig Dis 20:282–286. Estep DL, Gay GR, Rappolt RT Sr. 1977. Preliminary report of the effects of pro- pranolol HCl on the discomfiture caused by niacin. Clin Toxicol 11:325–328. Etchason JA, Miller TD, Squires RW, Allison TG, Gau GT, Marttila JK, Kottke BA. 1991. Niacin-induced hepatitis: A potential side effect with low-dose time-re- lease niacin. Mayo Clin Proc 66:23–28. Ferenchick G, Rovner D. 1989. Case report: Hepatitis and hematemesis complicat- ing nicotinic acid use. Am J Med Sci 298:191–193. Ford JE, Zechalko A, Murphy J, Brooke OG. 1983. Comparison of the B vitamin composition of milk from mothers of preterm and term babies. Arch Dis Child 58:367–372. Fraunfelder FW, Fraunfelder FT, Illingworth DR. 1995. Adverse ocular effects asso- ciated with niacin therapy. Br J Ophthalmol 79:54–56. Frost PH. 1991. All niacin is not the same. Ann Intern Med 114:1065. Fu CS, Swendseid ME, Jacob RA, McKee RW. 1989. Biochemical markers for assess- ment of niacin status in young men: Levels of erythrocyte niacin coenzymes and plasma tryptophan. J Nutr 119:1949–1955. Gass JD. 1973. Nicotinic acid maculopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 76:500–510. Gibbons LW, Gonzalez V, Gordon N, Grundy S. 1995. The prevalence of side effects with regular and sustained-release nicotinic acid. Am J Med 99:378–385.

976 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES Goldsmith GA. 1958. Niacin-tryptophan relationships in man and niacin require- ment. Am J Clin Nutr 6:479–486. Goldsmith GA, Sarett HP, Register UD, Gibbens J. 1952. Studies on niacin require- ment in man. 1. Experimental pellagra in subjects on corn diets low in niacin and tryptophan. J Clin Invest 31:533–542. Goldsmith GA, Rosenthal HL, Gibbens J, Unglaub WG. 1955. Studies on niacin requirement in man. 2. Requirement on wheat and corn diets low in tryp- tophan. J Nutr 56:371–386. Goldsmith GA, Gibbens J, Unglaub WG, Miller ON. 1956. Studies on niacin re- quirement in man. 3. Comparative effects of diets containing lime-treated and untreated corn in the production of experimental pellagra. Am J Clin Nutr 4:151–160. Goldstein MR. 1988. Potential problems with the widespread use of niacin. Am J Med 85:881. Gray DR, Morgan T, Chretien SD, Kashyap ML. 1994. Efficacy and safety of con- trolled-release niacin in dyslipoproteinemic veterans. Ann Intern Med 121:252– 258. Henderson LM, Gross CJ. 1979. Metabolism of niacin and niacinamide in perfused rat intestine. J Nutr 109:654–662. Henkin Y, Johnson KC, Segrest JP. 1990. Rechallenge with crystalline niacin after drug-induced hepatitis from sustained-release niacin. J Am Med Assoc 264:241– 243. Hodis HN. 1990. Acute hepatic failure associated with the use of low-dose sus- tained-release niacin. J Am Med Assoc 264:181. Horwitt MK. 1958. Niacin-tryptophan requirements of man. J Am Diet Assoc 34:914– 919. Horwitt MK, Harvey CC, Rothwell WS, Cutler JL, Haffron D. 1956. Tryptophan- niacin relationships in man: Studies with diets deficient in riboflavin and niacin, together with observations on the excretion of nitrogen and niacin metabolites. J Nutr 60:1–43. Horwitt MK, Harper AE, Henderson LM. 1981. Niacin-tryptophan relationships for evaluating niacin equivalents. Am J Clin Nutr 34:423–427. ICNND (Interdepartmental Committee on Nutrition for National Defense). 1963. Manual for Nutrition Surveys, 2nd ed. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health. P. 244. Jacob RA, Swendseid ME, McKee RW, Fu CS, Clemens RA. 1989. Biochemical markers for assessment of niacin status in young men: Urinary and blood levels of niacin metabolites. J Nutr 119:591–598. Jacobson EL, Lange RA, Jacobson MK. 1979. Pyridine nucleotide synthesis in 3T3 cells. J Cell Physiol 99:417–425. Kim H, Jacobson EL, Jacobson MK. 1994. NAD glycohydrolases: A possible func- tion in calcium homeostasis. Mol Cell Biochem 138:237–243. Knapp TR, Middleton RK. 1991. Adverse effects of sustained-release niacin. Ann Pharmacother 25:253–254. Knodel LC, Talbert RL. 1987. Adverse effects of hypolipidaemic drugs. Med Toxicol 2:10–32. Knopp RH. 1991. Niacin and hepatic failure. Ann Intern Med 111:769. Knox WE. 1951. Two mechanisms which increase in vivo the liver tryptophan per- oxidase activity: Specific enzyme adaptation and stimulation of the pituitary- adrenal system. Br J Exp Pathol 32:462–469.

977 O NLINE REFERENCES Lan SJ, Henderson LM. 1968. Uptake of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide by rat erythrocytes. J Biol Chem 243:3388–3394. Lautier D, Lagueux J, Thibodeau J, Menard L, Poirier GG. 1993. Molecular and biochemical features of poly (ADP-ribose) metabolism. Mol Cell Biochem 122:171–193. Lee HC, Walseth TF, Bratt GT, Hayes RN, Clapper DL. 1989. Structural determina- tion of a cyclic metabolite of NAD+ with intracellular CA2+-mobilizing activity. J Biol Chem 264:1608–1615. Leklem JE, Brown RR, Rose DP, Linkswiler H, Arend RA. 1975. Metabolism of tryptophan and niacin in oral contraceptive users receiving controlled intakes of vitamin B6. Am J Clin Nutr 28:146–156. Malfait P, Moren A, Dillon JC, Brodel A, Begkoyian G, Etchegorry MG, Malenga G, Hakewill P. 1993. An outbreak of pellagra related to changes in dietary niacin among Mozambican refugees in Malawi. Int J Epidemiol 22:504–511. McCormick DB. 1988. Niacin. In: Shils ME, Young VR, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. Pp. 370–375. McCormick DB. 1989. Two interconnected B vitamins: Riboflavin and pyridoxine. Physiol Rev 69:1170–1198. McKenney JM, Proctor JD, Harris S, Chinchili VM. 1994. A comparison of the efficacy and toxic effects of sustained- vs immediate-release niacin in hyper- cholesterolemic patients. J Am Med Assoc 271:672–677. Miettinen TA, Taskinen M-R, Pelkonen R, Nikkila EA. 1969. Glucose tolerance and plasma insulin in man during acute and chronic administration of nicotinic acid. Acta Med Scand 186:247–253. Millay RH, Klein ML, Illingworth DR. 1988. Niacin maculopathy. Ophthalmology 95:930–936. Miller DR, Hayes KC. 1982. Vitamin excess and toxicity. In: Hathcock JN, ed. Nutri- tional Toxicology, Vol. 1. New York: Academic Press. Pp. 81–133. Montalto MB, Benson JD, Martinez GA. 1985. Nutrient intake of formula-fed in- fants and infants fed cow’s milk. Pediatrics 75:343–351. Morrow JD, Parsons WG 3rd, Roberts LJ 2nd. 1989. Release of markedly increased quantities of prostaglandin D2 in vivo in humans following the administration of nicotinic acid. Prostaglandins 38:263–274. Morrow JD, Awad JA, Oates JA, Roberts LJ. 1992. Identification of skin as a major site of prostaglandin D2 release following oral administration of niacin in humans. J Invest Dermatol 98:812–815. Moss AJ, Levy AS, Kim I, Park YK. 1989. Use of Vitamin and Mineral Supplements in the United States: Current Users, Types of Products, and Nutrients. Advance Data, Vital and Health Statistics of the National Center for Health Statistics, No. 174. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. Mrochek JE, Jolley RL, Young DS, Turner WJ. 1976. Metabolic response of humans to ingestion of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. Clin Chem 22:1821–1827. Mullin GE, Greenson JK, Mitchel MC. 1989. Fulminant hepatic failure after inges- tion of sustained-release nicotinic acid. Ann Intern Med 111:253–255. NRC (National Research Council). 1989. Recommended Dietary Allowances, 10th ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Palumbo PJ. 1991. Rediscovery of crystalline niacin. Mayo Clin Proc 66:112–113. Pardue WO. 1961. Severe liver dysfunction during nicotinic acid therapy. J Am Med Assoc 175:137–138.

978 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES Patterson JI, Brown RR, Linkswiler H, Harper AE. 1980. Excretion of tryptophan- niacin metabolites by young men: Effects of tryptophan, leucine, and vitamin B6 intakes. Am J Clin Nutr 33:2157–2167. Patterson DJ, Dew EW, Gyorkey R, Graham GY. 1983. Niacin hepatitis. South Med J 76:239–241. Rader JI, Calvert RJ, Hathcock JN. 1992. Hepatic toxicity of unmodified and time- release preparations of niacin. Am J Med 92:77–81. Ribaya-Mercado JD, Russell RM, Rasmussen HM, Crim MC, Perrone-Petty G, Ger- shoff SN. 1997. Effect of niacin status on gastrointestinal function and serum lipids. FASEB J 11:A179. Rivin AU. 1959. Jaundice occurring during nicotinic acid therapy for hypercholes- teremia. J Am Med Assoc 170:2088–2089. Rose DP, Braidman IP. 1971. Excretion of tryptophan metabolites as affected by pregnancy, contraceptive steroids, and steroid hormones. Am J Clin Nutr 24:673–683. Sauberlich HE, Skala JH, Dowdy RP. 1974. Laboratory Tests for the Assessment of Nutri- tional Status. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Schwartz ML. 1993. Severe reversible hyperglycemia as a consequence of niacin therapy. Arch Intern Med 153:2050–2052. Sebrell WH, Butler RE. 1938. A reaction to the oral administration of nicotinic acid. J Am Med Assoc 111:2286–2287. Shibata K, Matsuo H. 1989. Effect of supplementing low protein diets with the limiting amino acids on the excretion of N 1-methylnicotinamide and its pyri- dones in rats. J Nutr 119:896–901. Spies TD, Bean WB, Stone RE. 1938. The treatment of subclinical and classic pellagra. J Am Med Assoc 111:584–592. Stern RH, Spence JD, Freeman DJ, Parbtani A. 1991. Tolerance to nicotinic acid flushing. Clin Pharmacol Ther 50:66–70. Stierum RH, Vanherwijnen MH, Hageman GJ, Kleinjans JC. 1994. Increased poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase activity during repair of (+/-)-anti-benzo[a]pyrene diolepoxide-induced DNA damage in human peripheral blood lymphocytes in vitro. Carcinogenesis 15:745–751. Vivian VM, Chaloupka MM, Reynolds MS. 1958. Some aspects of tryptophan metabolism in human subjects. 1. Nitrogen balances, blood pyridine nucleotides, and urinary excretion of N-methylnicotinamide and N-methyl-2-pyridone-5- carboxamide on a low-niacin diet. J Nutr 66:587–598. Wertz AW, Lojkin ME, Bouchard BS, Derby MB. 1958. Tryptophan-niacin relation- ships in pregnancy. J Nutr 64:339–353. Winter SL, Boyer JL. 1973. Hepatic toxicity from large doses of vitamin B3 (nicoti- namide). N Engl J Med 289:1180–1182. Ibid., Chapter 13, p. 436. Beaton GH. 1994. Criteria of an adequate diet. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. Pp. 1491–1505. Hegsted DM. 1972. Problems in the use and interpretation of the Recommended Dietary Allowances. Ecol Food Nutr 1:255–265.

979 O NLINE REFERENCES IOM (Institute of Medicine). 1994. How Should the Recommended Dietary Allowances Be Revised? Washington, DC: National Academy Press. NRC (National Research Council). 1986. Nutrient Adequacy. Assessment Using Food Consumption Surveys. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Nusser SM, Carriquiry AL, Dodd KW, Fuller WA. 1996. A semiparametric transfor- mation approach to estimating usual daily intake distributions. J Am Stat Assoc 91:1440–1449. USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture). 1992. The Food Guide Pyramid. Home and Garden Bulletin Number 252. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. WHO (World Health Organization). 1996. Trace Elements in Human Nutrition and Health. Prepared in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the International Atomic Energy Agency. Geneva: WHO.

980 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES PANTOTHENIC ACID Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (ISBN 0-309-06411-2), Chapter 10, pp. 371–373. Annous KF, Song WO. 1995. Pantothenic acid uptake and metabolism by red blood cells of rats. J Nutr 125:2586–2593. Baker H, Frank O, Thomson AD, Feingold S. 1969. Vitamin distribution in red blood cells, plasma, and other body fluids. Am J Clin Nutr 22:1469–1475. Bull NL, Buss DH. 1982. Biotin, panthothenic acid and vitamin E in the British household food supply. Hum Nutr Appl Nutr 36:190–196. Cohenour SH, Calloway DH. 1972. Blood, urine, and dietary pantothenic acid levels of pregnant teenagers. Am J Clin Nutr 25:512–517. Deodhar AD, Ramakrishnan CV. 1960. Studies on human lactation. Relation be- tween the dietary intake of lactating women and the chemical composition of milk with regard to vitamin content. J Trop Pediatr 6:44–70. Eissenstat BR, Wyse BW, Hansen RG. 1986. Pantothenic acid status of adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr 44:931–937. Fenstermacher DK, Rose RC. 1986. Absorption of pantothenic acid in rat and chick intestine. Am J Physiol 250:G155–G160. Fox HM, Linkswiler H. 1961. Pantothenic acid excretion on three levels of intake. J Nutr 75:451–454. Fry PC, Fox HM, Tao HG. 1976. Metabolic response to a pantothenic acid defi- cient diet in humans. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 22:339–346. Glusman M. 1947. The syndrome of “burning feet” (nutritional melagia) as a mani- festation of nutritional deficiency. Am J Med 3:211–223. Haslam RH, Dalby JT, Rademaker AW. 1984. Effects of megavitamin therapy on children with attention deficit disorders. Pediatrics 74:103–111. Hodges RE, Ohlson MA, Bean WB. 1958. Pantothenic acid deficiency in man. J Clin Invest 37:1642–1657. Hodges RE, Bean WB, Ohlson MA, Bleiler R. 1959. Human pantothenic acid defi- ciency produced by omega-methyl pantothenic acid. J Clin Invest 38:1421– 1425. Kathman JV, Kies C. 1984. Pantothenic acid status of free living adolescent and young adults. Nutr Res 4:245–250. Kerrey E, Crispin S, Fox HM, Kies C. 1968. Nutritional status of preschool children. I. Dietary and biochemical findings. Am J Clin Nutr 21:1274–1279. Koyanagi T, Hareyama S, Kikuchi R, Takanohashi T, Oikawa K, Akazawa N. 1969. Effect of administration of thiamine, riboflavin, ascorbic acid and vitamin A to students on their pantothenic acid contents in serum and urine. Tohoku J Exp Med 98:357–362. Lewis CM, King JC. 1980. Effect of oral contraceptive agents on thiamin, riboflavin, and pantothenic acid status in young women. Am J Clin Nutr 33:832–838. Moss AJ, Levy AS, Kim I, Park YK. 1989. Use of Vitamin and Mineral Supplements in the United States: Current Users, Types of Products, and Nutrients. Advance Data, Vital and Health Statistics of the National Center for Health Statistics, No. 174. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. Orr ML. 1969. Pantothenic Acid, Vitamin B6 and Vitamin B12 in Foods. Home Eco- nomics Research Report No. 36. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agri- culture.

981 O NLINE REFERENCES Pace JK, Stier LB, Taylor DD, Goodman PS. 1961. Metabolic patterns in preadoles- cent children. 5. Intake and urinary excretion of pantothenic acid and of folic acid. J Nutr 74:345–351. Picciano MF. 1995. Vitamins in milk. Water-soluble vitamins in human milk. In: Jensen RG, ed. Handbook of Milk Composition. San Diego: Academic Press. Plesofsky-Vig N. 1996. Pantothenic acid. In: Ziegler EE, Filer LJ Jr, eds. Present Knowledge in Nutrition, 7th ed. Washington, DC: ILSI Press. Pp. 236–244. Robinson FA. 1966. The Vitamin Co-Factors of Enzyme Systems. Oxford: Pergamon Press. Romera JM, Ramirez M, Gil A. 1996. Determination of pantothenic acid in infant milk formulas by high performance liquid chromatography. J Dairy Sci 79:523– 526. Santé Québec. 1995. Les Québécoises et les Québécois Mangent-Ils Mieux? Rapport de l’Enquête Québécoise sur la Nutrition, 1990. Montréal: Ministère de la Santé et des Services Sociaux, Gouvernement du Québec. Sarrett HP, Bennett MJ, Riggs TR, Cheldelin VH. 1946. Thiamine, riboflavin, nico- tinic acid, pantothenic acid and ascorbic acid content of restaurant foods. J Nutr 31:755. Schneider HA, Anderson CE, Coursin DB. 1983. Nutritional Support of Medical Practice, 2nd Edition. Philadelphia: Harper and Row. Schroeder HA. 1971. Losses of vitamins and trace minerals resulting from process- ing and preservation of foods. Am J Clin Nutr 24:562–573. Shibata K, Gross CJ, Henderson LM. 1983. Hydrolysis and absorption of panto- thenate and its coenzymes in the rat small intestine. J Nutr 113:2107–2115. Song WO, Chan GM, Wyse BW, Hansen RG. 1984. Effect of pantothenic acid status on the content of the vitamin in human milk. Am J Clin Nutr 40:317–324. Song WO, Wyse BW, Hansen RG. 1985. Pantothenic acid status of pregnant and lactating women. J Am Diet Assoc 85:192–198. Srinivasan V, Christensen N, Wyse BW, Hansen RG. 1981. Pantothenic acid nutri- tional status in the elderly—institutionalized and noninstitutionalized. Am J Clin Nutr 34:1736–1742. Stein ED, Diamond JM. 1989. Do dietary levels of pantothenic acid regulate its intestinal uptake in mice? J Nutr 119:1973–1983. Tahiliani AG, Beinlich CJ. 1991. Pantothenic acid in health and disease. Vitam Horm 46:165–228. Tarr JB, Tamura T, Stokstad EL. 1981. Availability of vitamin B6 and pantothenate in an average American diet in man. Am J Clin Nutr 34:1328–1337. Vaxman F, Olender S, Lambert A, Nisand G, Grenier JF. 1996. Can the wound healing process be improved by vitamin supplementation? Experimental study on humans. Eur Surg Res 28:306–314. Walsh JH, Wyse BW, Hansen RG. 1981. Pantothenic acid content of 75 processed and cooked foods. J Am Diet Assoc 78:140–144. Wittwer CT, Schweitzer C, Pearson J, Song WO, Windham CT, Wyse BW, Hansen RG. 1989. Enzymes for liberation of pantothenic acid in blood: Use of plasma pantetheinase. Am J Clin Nutr 50:1072–1078. Zook EG, MacArthur MJ, Toepfer EW. 1956. Pantothenic Acid in Foods. USDA Hand- book. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture. P. 97.

982 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES Ibid., Chapter 13, p. 436. Beaton GH. 1994. Criteria of an adequate diet. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. Pp. 1491–1505. Hegsted DM. 1972. Problems in the use and interpretation of the Recommended Dietary Allowances. Ecol Food Nutr 1:255–265. IOM (Institute of Medicine). 1994. How Should the Recommended Dietary Allowances Be Revised? Washington, DC: National Academy Press. NRC (National Research Council). 1986. Nutrient Adequacy. Assessment Using Food Consumption Surveys. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Nusser SM, Carriquiry AL, Dodd KW, Fuller WA. 1996. A semiparametric transfor- mation approach to estimating usual daily intake distributions. J Am Stat Assoc 91:1440–1449. USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture). 1992. The Food Guide Pyramid. Home and Garden Bulletin Number 252. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. WHO (World Health Organization). 1996. Trace Elements in Human Nutrition and Health. Prepared in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the International Atomic Energy Agency. Geneva: WHO.

983 O NLINE REFERENCES RIBOFLAVIN Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (ISBN 0-309-06411-2), Chapter 5, pp. 117–122. Alexander M, Emanuel G, Golin T, Pinto JT, Rivlin RS. 1984. Relation of riboflavin nutriture in healthy elderly to intake of calcium and vitamin supplements: Evidence against riboflavin supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr 39:540–546. Ali N, Upreti RK, Srivastava LP, Misra RB, Joshi PC, Kidwai AM. 1991. Membrane damaging potential of photosensitized riboflavin. Indian J Exp Biol 29:818–822. Aw TY, Jones DP, McCormick DB. 1983. Uptake of riboflavin by isolated rat liver cells. J Nutr 113:1249–1254. Badart-Smook A, van Houwelingen AC, Al MD, Kester AD, Hornstra G. 1997. Fetal growth is associated positively with maternal intake of riboflavin and negatively with maternal intake of linoleic acid. J Am Diet Assoc 97:867–870. Bamji MS. 1969. Glutathione reductase activity in red blood cells and riboflavin nutritional status in humans. Clin Chim Acta 26:263–269. Bamji MS. 1976. Enzymic evaluation of thiamin, riboflavin and pyridoxine status of parturient women and their newborn infants. Br J Nutr 35:259–265. Bamji MS, Chowdhury N, Ramalakshmi BA, Jacob CM. 1991. Enzymatic evaluation of riboflavin status of infants. Eur J Clin Nutr 45:309–313. Bates CJ. 1987. Human requirements for riboflavin. Am J Clin Nutr 47:122–123. Bates CJ, Prentice AM, Paul AA, Sutcliffe BA, Watkinson M, Whitehead RG. 1981. Riboflavin status in Gambian pregnant and lactating women and its implica- tions for Recommended Dietary Allowances. Am J Clin Nutr 34:928–935. Bates CJ, Powers HJ, Downes R, Brubacher D, Sutcliffe V, Thurnhill A. 1989. Ribo- flavin status of adolescent vs elderly Gambian subjects before and during supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr 50:825–829. Belko AZ, Obarzanek E, Kalkwarf HJ, Rotter MA, Bogusz S, Miller D, Haas JD, Roe DA. 1983. Effects of exercise on riboflavin requirements of young women. Am J Clin Nutr 37:509–517. Belko AZ, Obarzanek E, Roach R, Rotter M, Urban G, Weinberg S, Roe DA. 1984. Effects of aerobic exercise and weight loss on riboflavin requirements of mod- erately obese, marginally deficient young women. Am J Clin Nutr 40:553–561. Belko AZ, Meredith MP, Kalkwarf HJ, Obarzanek E, Weinberg S, Roach R, McKeon G, Roe DA. 1985. Effects of exercise on riboflavin requirements: Biological validation in weight reducing women. Am J Clin Nutr 41:270–277. Bessey OA, Horwitt MK, Love RH. 1956. Dietary deprivation of riboflavin and blood riboflavin levels in man. J Nutr 58:367–383. Blot WJ, Li JY, Taylor PR, Guo W, Dawsey SM, Li B. 1995. The Linxian trials: Mortality rates by vitamin-mineral intervention group. Am J Clin Nutr 62:1424S– 1426S. Boisvert WA, Mendoza I, Castañeda C, De Portocarrero L, Solomons NW, Gershoff SN, Russell RM. 1993. Riboflavin requirement of healthy elderly humans and its relationship to macronutrient composition of the diet. J Nutr 123:915–925. Bowman BB, McCormick DB, Rosenberg IH. 1989. Epithelial transport of water- soluble vitamins. Ann Rev Nutr 9:187–199. Brewer W, Porter T, Ingalls R, Ohlson MA. 1946. The urinary excretion of ribofla- vin by college women. J Nutr 32:583–596.

984 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES Brown ML. 1990. Present Knowledge in Nutrition, 6th ed. Washington, DC: Inter- national Life Sciences Institute-Nutrition Foundation. Brzezinski A, Bromberg YM, Braun K. 1952. Riboflavin excretion during pregnancy and early lactation. J Lab Clin Med 39:84–90. Burch HB, Bessey OA, Lowry OH. 1948. Fluorometric measurements of riboflavin and its natural derivatives in small quantities of blood serum and cells. J Biol Chem 175:457–470. Chastain JL, McCormick DB. 1987. Flavin catabolites: Identification and quantita- tion in human urine. Am J Clin Nutr 46:830–834. Chia CP, Addison R, McCormick DB. 1978. Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of 8_-(amino acid) riboflavins in the rat. J Nutr 108:373–381. Cole HS, Lopez R, Cooperman JM. 1976. Riboflavin deficiency in children with diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol Lat 13:25–29. Committee on Nutrition. 1985. Composition of human milk: Normative data. In: Pediatric Nutrition Handbook, 2nd ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics. Pp. 363–368. Dancis J, Lehanka J, Levitz M. 1988. Placental transport of riboflavin: Differential rates of uptake at the maternal and fetal surfaces of the perfused human placenta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 158:204–210. Daniel H, Wille U, Rehner G. 1983. In vitro kinetics of the intestinal transport of riboflavin in rats. J Nutr 113:636–643. Darby WJ. 1981. Annual Review of Nutrition, Vol. 1. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews. Davis MV, Oldham HG, Roberts LJ. 1946. Riboflavin excretions of young women on diets containing varying levels of the B vitamins. J Nutr 32:143–161. Floersheim GL. 1994. Allopurinol, indomethacin and riboflavin enhance radiation lethality in mice. Radiat Res 139:240–247. Frischer H, Bowman JE, Carson PE, Reickmann KH, Willerson D Jr, Colwell EJ. 1973. Erythrocyte glutathione reductase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, and 6-phosphogluconic dehydrogenase deficiencies in populations of the United States, South Vietnam, Iran, and Ethiopia. J Lab Clin Med 81:603–612. Heller S, Salkeld RM, Korner WF. 1974. Riboflavin status in pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr 27:1225–1230. Horwitt MK. 1972. Riboflavin. Requirements and factors influencing them. In: Sebrell WH Jr, Harris RS, eds. The Vitamins, 2nd ed., Vol. 5. New York: Aca- demic Press. Horwitt MK, Hills OW, Harvey CC, Liebert E, Steinberg DL. 1949. Effects of dietary depletion of riboflavin. J Nutr 39:357–373. Horwitt MK, Harvey CC, Hills OW, Liebert E. 1950. Correlation of urinary excre- tion of riboflavin with dietary intake and symptoms of ariboflavinosis. J Nutr 41:247–264. Innis WS, McCormick DB, Merrill AH Jr. 1985. Variations in riboflavin binding by human plasma: Identification of immunoglobulins as the major proteins responsible. Biochem Med 34:151–165. Jansen AP, Jansen BC. 1954. Riboflavin-excretion with urine in pregnancy. Int Z Vitaminforsch 25:193–199. Jusko WJ, Levy G. 1967. Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of riboflavin 5v- phosphate in man. J Pharmacol Sci 156:58–62. Jusko WJ, Levy G. 1975. Absorption, protein binding and elimination of riboflavin. In: Rivlin RS, ed. Riboflavin. New York: Plenum Press. Pp. 99–152. Jusko WJ, Khanna N, Levy G, Stern L, Yaffe SJ. 1970. Riboflavin absorption and excretion in the neonate. Pediatrics 45:945–949.

985 O NLINE REFERENCES Keys A, Henschel AF, Mickelsen O, Brozek JM, Crawford JH. 1944. Physiological and biochemical functions in normal young men on a diet restricted in ribo- flavin. J Nutr 27:165–178. Komindr S, Nichoalds GE. 1980. Clinical significance of riboflavin deficiency. In: Brewster MA, Naito HK, eds. Nutritional Elements in Clinical Biochemistry. New York: Plenum Press. Pp. 15–68. Kuizon MD, Natera MG, Alberto SP, Perlas LA, Desnacido JA, Avena EM, Tajaon RT, Macapinlac MP. 1992. Riboflavin requirement of Filipino women. Eur J Clin Nutr 46:257–264. Lee SS, McCormick DB. 1983. Effect of riboflavin status on hepatic activities of flavin-metabolizing enzymes in rats. J Nutr 113:2274–2279. Leske MC, Wu SY, Hyman L, Sperduto R, Underwood B, Chylack LT, Milton RC, Srivastava S, Ansari N. 1995. Biochemical factors in the lens opacities. Case- control study. The Lens Opacities Case-Control Study Group. Arch Ophthalmol 113:1113–1119. Levy G, Jusko WJ. 1966. Factors affecting the absorption of riboflavin in man. J Pharm Sci 55:285–289. Lossy FT, Goldsmith GA, Sarett HP. 1951. A study of test dose excretion of five B complex vitamins in man. J Nutr 45:213. Mayersohn M, Feldman S, Gribaldi M. 1969. Bile salt enhancement of riboflavin and flavin mononucleotide absorption in man. J Nutr 98:288–296. McCormick DB. 1962. The intracellular localization, partial purification, and prop- erties of flavokinase from rat liver. J Biol Chem 237:959–962. McCormick DB. 1977. Interactions of flavins with amino acid residues: Assessments from spectral and photochemical studies. Photochem Photobiol 26:169–182. McCormick DB. 1989. Two interconnected B vitamins: Riboflavin and pyridoxine. Physiol Rev 69:1170–1198. McCormick DB. 1994. Riboflavin. In: Shils ME, Olson JE, Shike M, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. Pp. 366–375. McCormick DB, Greene HL. 1994. Vitamins. In: Burtis CA, Ashwood ER, eds. Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry. Philadelphia: Saunders. Meinen M, Aeppli R, Rehner G. 1977. Studies on the absorption of thiamine, riboflavin and pyridoxine in vitro. Nutr Metab 21:264–266. Merrill AH Jr, Lambeth JD, Edmondson DE, McCormick DB. 1981. Formation and mode of action of flavoproteins. Annu Rev Nutr 1:281–317. Merrill AH Jr, Foltz AT, McCormick DB. 1991. Vitamins and cancer. In: Alfin- Slater RB, Kritchevsky D, eds. Cancer and Nutrition. New York: Plenum. Pp. 261–320. Montalto MB, Benson JD, Martinez GA. 1985. Nutrient intake of formula-fed in- fants and infants fed cow’s milk. Pediatrics 75:343–351. Moss AJ, Levy AS, Kim I, Park YK. 1989. Use of Vitamin and Mineral Supplements in the United States: Current Users, Types of Products, and Nutrients. Advance Data, Vital and Health Statistics of the National Center for Health Statistics, No. 174. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. Nail PA, Thomas MR, Eakin R. 1980. The effect of thiamin and riboflavin supple- mentation on the level of those vitamins in human breast milk and urine. Am J Clin Nutr 33:198–204. Natraj U, George S, Kadam P. 1988. Isolation and partial characterisation of human riboflavin carrier protein and the estimation of its levels during human preg- nancy. J Reprod Immunol 13:1–16.

986 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES Nichoalds GE. 1981. Riboflavin. Symposium in Laboratory Medicine. In: Labbae RF, ed. Symposium on Laboratory Assessment of Nutritional Status. Clinics in Labo- ratory Medicine Series, Vol. 1. Philadelphia: WB Saunders. Pp. 685–698. Oldham H, Johnston F, Kleiger S, Hedderich-Arismendi H. 1944. A study of the riboflavin and thiamine requirements of children of preschool age. J Nutr 27:435–446. Powers HJ, Bates CJ, Eccles M, Brown H, George E. 1987. Bicycling performance in Gambian children: Effects of supplements of riboflavin or ascorbic acid. Hum Nutr Clin Nutr 41:59–69. Prager MD, Hill JM, Speer RJ. 1958. Whole blood riboflavin levels in healthy indi- viduals and in patients manifesting various blood dyscrasias. J Lab Clin Med 52:206. Prasad PA, Bamji MS, Lakshmi AV, Satyanarayana K. 1990. Functional impact of riboflavin supplementation in urban school children. Nutr Res 10:275–281. Ramsay VP, Neumann C, Clark V, Swendseid ME. 1983. Vitamin cofactor satura- tion indices for riboflavin, thiamine, and pyridoxine in placental tissue of Kenyan women. Am J Clin Nutr 37:969–973. Rivier DA. 1973. Kinetics and Na-dependence of riboflavin absorption by intestine in vivo. Experientia 29:1443–1446. Rivlin RS. 1975. Riboflavin and cancer. In: Rivlin RS, ed. Riboflavin. New York: Plenum Press. Pp. 369–391. Roe DA, Bogusz S, Sheu J, McCormick DB. 1982. Factors affecting riboflavin re- quirements of oral contraceptive users and nonusers. Am J Clin Nutr 35:495– 501. Roughead ZK, McCormick DB. 1990a. Flavin composition of human milk. Am J Clin Nutr 52:854–857. Roughead ZK, McCormick DB. 1990b. Qualitative and quantitative assessment of flavins in cow’s milk. J Nutr 120:382–388. Roughead ZK, McCormick DB. 1991. Urinary riboflavin and its metabolites: Effects of riboflavin supplementation in healthy residents of rural Georgia (USA). Eur J Clin Nutr 45:299–307. Sadowski JA. 1992. Riboflavin. In: Hartz SC, Russell RM, Rosenberg IH, eds. Nutri- tion in the Elderly. The Boston Nutritional Status Survey. London: Smith-Gordon. Pp. 119–125. Said HM, Ma TY. 1994. Mechanism of riboflavine uptake by Caco-2 human intesti- nal epithelial cells. Am J Physiol 266:G15–G21. Sauberlich HE, Judd JH Jr, Nichoalds GE, Broquist HP, Darby WJ. 1972. Applica- tion of the erythrocyte glutathione reductase assay in evaluating riboflavin nutritional status in a high school student population. Am J Clin Nutr 25:756– 762. Sauberlich HE, Skala JH, Dowdy RP. 1974. Laboratory Tests for the Assessment of Nutri- tional Status. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Schoenen J, Lenaerts M, Bastings E. 1994. Rapid communication: High-dose ribo- flavin as a prophylactic treatment of migraine: Results of an open pilot study. Cephalalgia 14:328–329. Sebrell WH Jr, Butler RE, Wooley JG, Isbell H. 1941. Human riboflavin require- ment estimated by urinary excretion of subjects on controlled intake. Public Health Rep 56:510–519. Smith MD. 1980. Rapid method for determination of riboflavin in urine by high- performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 182:285–291.

987 O NLINE REFERENCES Soares MJ, Satyanarayana K, Bamji MS, Jacob CM, Ramana YV, Rao SS. 1993. The effect of exercise on the riboflavin status of adult men. Br J Nutr 69:541–551. Sorrell MF, Frank O, Thompson AD, Aquino H, Baker H. 1971. Absorption of vitamins from the large intestine in vivo. Nutr Rep Int 3:143–148. Spector A, Wang GM, Wang RR, Li WC, Kleiman NJ. 1995. A brief photochemi- cally induced oxidative insult causes irreversible lens damage and cataracts. 2. Mechanism of action. Exp Eye Res 60:483–493. Steier M, Lopez R, Cooperman JM. 1976. Riboflavin deficiency in infants and chil- dren with heart disease. Am Heart J 92:139–143. Stripp B. 1965. Intestinal absorption of riboflavin by man. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 22:353–362. Sugiyama M, Tsuzuki K, Lin X, Costa M. 1992. Potentiation of sodium chromate (VI)-induced chromosomal aberrations and mutation by vitamin B2 in Chi- nese hamster V79 cells. Mutat Res 283:211–214. Thomas MR, Sneed SM, Wei C, Nail PA, Wilson M, Sprinkle EE 3rd. 1980. The effects of vitamin C, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folic acid, riboflavin, and thiamin on the breast milk and maternal status of well-nourished women at 6 months postpartum. Am J Clin Nutr 33:2151–2156. Tremblay A, Boilard M, Bratton MF, Bessette H, Roberge AB. 1984. The effects of a riboflavin supplementation on the nutritional status and performance of elite swimmers. Nutr Res 4:201–208. Tucker RG, Mickelsen O, Keys A. 1960. The influence of sleep, work, diuresis, heat, acute starvation, thiamine intake and bed rest on human riboflavin ex- cretion. J Nutr 72:251–261. Vir SC, Love AH, Thompson W. 1981. Riboflavin status during pregnancy. Am J Clin Nutr 34:2699–2705. Weight LM, Noakes TD, Labadarios D, Graves J, Jacobs P, Berman PA. 1988. Vita- min and mineral status of trained athletes including the effects of supplemen- tation. Am J Clin Nutr 47:186–191. WHO (World Health Organization). 1965. Nutrition in Pregnancy and Lactation. Report of a WHO Expert Committee. Technical Report Series No. 302. Geneva: World Health Organization. Williams RD, Mason HL, Cusick PL, Wilder RM. 1943. Observations on induced riboflavin deficiency and the riboflavin requirement of man. J Nutr 25:361– 377. Wilson JA. 1983. Disorders of vitamins: Deficiency, excess and errors of metabo- lism. In: Petersdorf RG, Harrison TR, eds. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medi- cine, 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. Pp. 461–470. Winters LR, Yoon JS, Kalkwarf HJ, Davies JC, Berkowitz MG, Haas J, Roe DA. 1992. Riboflavin requirements and exercise adaptation in older women. Am J Clin Nutr 56:526–532. Yamada Y, Merrill AH Jr, McCormick DB. 1990. Probable reaction mechanisms of flavokinase and FAD synthetase from rat liver. Arch Biochem Biophys 278:125– 130. Zempleni J, Galloway JR, McCormick DB. 1996. Pharmacokinetics of orally and intravenously administered riboflavin in healthy humans. Am J Clin Nutr 63:54– 66.

988 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES Ibid., Chapter 13, p. 436. Beaton GH. 1994. Criteria of an adequate diet. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 8th ed. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger. Pp. 1491–1505. Hegsted DM. 1972. Problems in the use and interpretation of the Recommended Dietary Allowances. Ecol Food Nutr 1:255–265. IOM (Institute of Medicine). 1994. How Should the Recommended Dietary Allowances Be Revised? Washington, DC: National Academy Press. NRC (National Research Council). 1986. Nutrient Adequacy. Assessment Using Food Consumption Surveys. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Nusser SM, Carriquiry AL, Dodd KW, Fuller WA. 1996. A semiparametric transfor- mation approach to estimating usual daily intake distributions. J Am Stat Assoc 91:1440–1449. USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture). 1992. The Food Guide Pyramid. Home and Garden Bulletin Number 252. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. WHO (World Health Organization). 1996. Trace Elements in Human Nutrition and Health. Prepared in collaboration with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the International Atomic Energy Agency. Geneva: WHO.

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1188 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES Rabin O, Hegedus L, Bourre JM, Smith QR. 1993. Rapid brain uptake of manga- nese (II) across the blood-brain barrier. J Neurochem 61:509–517. Rossander-Hulten L, Brune M, Sandstrom B, Lonnerdal B, Hallberg L. 1991. Com- petitive inhibition of iron absorption by manganese and zinc in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 54:152–156. Sandstrom B, Davidsson L, Cederblad A, Eriksson R, Lonnerdal B. 1986. Manga- nese absorption and metabolism in man. Acta Pharmacol Toxicol 59:60–62. Sandstrom B, Davidsson L, Eriksson R, Alpsten M, Bogentoft C. 1987. Retention of selenium (75Se), Zinc (65Zn) and manganese (54Mn) in humans after intake of a labelled vitamin and mineral supplement. J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis 1:33–38. Sandstrom B, Davidsson L, Erickson RA, Alpsten M. 1990. Effects of long-term trace element supplementation on blood trace element levels and absorption of (75Se), (54Mn), and (65Zn). J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis 4:65–72. Schroeder HA, Balassa JJ, Tipton IH. 1966. Essential trace metals in man: Manga- nese. A study in homeostasis. J Chron Dis 19:545–571. Senturk UK, Oner G. 1996. The effect of manganese-induced hypercholesterolemia on learning in rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 51:249–257. Spahr L, Butterworth RF, Fontaine S, Bui L, Therrien G, Milette PC, Lebrun LH, Zayed J, LeBlanc A, Pomier-Layrargues G. 1996. Increased blood manganese in cirrhotic patients: Relationship to pallidal magnetic resonance signal hyper- intensity and neurological symptoms. Hepatology 24:1116–1120. Spencer H, Asmussen CR, Holtzman RB, Kramer L. 1979. Metabolic balances of cadmium, copper, manganese, and zinc in man. Am J Clin Nutr 32:1867–1875. Stastny D, Vogel RS, Picciano MF. 1984. Manganese intake and serum manganese concentration of human milk-fed and formula-fed infants. Am J Clin Nutr 39:872–878. Strause L, Saltman P. 1987. Role of manganese in bone metabolism. In: Kies C, ed. Nutritional Bioavailability of Manganese. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society. Pp. 46–55. Strause L, Hegenauer J, Saltman P, Cone R, Resnick D. 1986. Effects of long-term dietary manganese and copper deficiency on rat skeleton. J Nutr 116:135–141. Strause L, Saltman P, Glowacki J. 1987. The effect of deficiencies of manganese and copper on osteoinduction and on resorption of bone particles in rats. Calcif Tissue Int 41:145–150. Velazquez SF, Du JT. 1994. Derivation of the reference dose for manganese. In: Mertz W, Abernathy CO, Olin SS, eds. Risk Assessment of Essential Elements. Washington, DC: ILSI Press. Pp. 253–266. Vieregge P, Heinzow B, Korf G, Teichert HM, Schleifenbaum P, Mosinger HU. 1995. Long term exposure to manganese in rural well water has no neurologi- cal effects. Can J Neurol Sci 22:286–289. Zidenberg-Cherr S, Keen CL, Lonnerdal B, Hurley LS. 1983. Superoxide dismu- tase activity and lipid peroxidation in the rat: Developmental correlations af- fected by manganese deficiency. J Nutr 113:2498–2504. Ibid., Chapter 14, pp. 578–579. Basiotis PP, Welsh SO, Cronin FJ, Kelsay JL, Mertz W. 1987. Number of days of food intake records required to estimate individual and group nutrient in- takes with defined confidence. J Nutr 117:1638–1641.

1189 O NLINE REFERENCES Briefel RR, Sempos CT, McDowell MA, Chien S, Alaimo K. 1997. Dietary methods research in the Third National Health and Examination Survey: Under- reporting of energy intake. Am J Clin Nutr 65:1203S–1209S. Gibson RS, Ferguson EL. 1998. Assessment of dietary zinc in a population. Am J Clin Nutr 68:430S–434S. Hallberg L, Hulthen L. 2000. Prediction of dietary iron absorption: An algorithm for calculating absorption and bioavailability of dietary iron. Am J Clin Nutr 71:1147–1160. Heitmann BL, Lissner L. 1995. Dietary underreporting by obese individuals—Is it specific or non-specific? Br Med J 311:986–989. IOM (Institute of Medicine). 1994. How Should the Recommended Dietary Allowances be Revised? Washington, DC: National Academy Press. IOM. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in Dietary Assessment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Mertz W, Tsui JC, Judd JT, Reiser S, Hallfrisch J, Morris ER, Steele PD, Lashley E. 1991. What are people really eating? The relation between energy intake de- rived from estimated diet records and intake determined to maintain body weight. Am J Clin Nutr 54:291–295. NRC (National Research Council). 1980. Recommended Dietary Allowances, 9th ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. NRC. 1986. Nutrient Adequacy. Assessment Using Food Consumption Surveys. Washing- ton, DC: National Academy Press. NRC. 1989. Recommended Dietary Allowances, 10th ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Nusser SM, Carriquiry AL, Dodd KW, Fuller WA. 1996. A semiparametric transfor- mation approach to estimating usual daily intake distributions. J Am Stat Assoc 91:1440–1449. Schoeller DA. 1999. Recent advances from application of doubly labeled water to measurement of human energy expenditure. J Nutr 129:1765–1768. USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture). 1999. USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 13. [Online.] Available: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/ foodcomp [accessed February 2000]. WHO (World Health Organization). 1996. Zinc. In: Trace Elements in Human Nutri- tion and Health. Geneva: WHO. Pp. 72–104.

1190 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES MOLYBDENUM Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (ISBN 0-309-07290-5), Chapter 11, pp. 439–441. Abumrad NN, Schneider AJ, Steel D, Rogers LS. 1981. Amino acid intolerance during prolonged total parenteral nutrition reversed by molybdate therapy. Am J Clin Nutr 34:2551–2559. Anderson RR. 1992. Comparison of trace elements in milk of four species. J Dairy Sci 75:3050–3055. Anke M, Groppel B, Kronemann H, Grun M. 1985. Molybdenum supply and status in animals and human beings. Nutr Res 1:S180–S186. Aquilio E, Spagnoli R, Seri S, Bottone G, Spennati G. 1996. Trace element content in human milk during lactation of preterm newborns. Biol Trace Elem Res 51:63– 70. Arrington LR, Davis GK. 1953. Molybdenum toxicity in the rabbit. J Nutr 51:295– 304. Arthur D. 1965. Interrelationships of molybdenum and copper in the diet of the guinea pig. J Nutr 87:69–76. Asmangulyan TA. 1965. The maximum permissible concentration of molybdenum in the water of surface water basins. Gig Sanit 30:6–11. Biego GH, Joyeux M, Hartemann P, Debry G. 1998. Determination of mineral contents in different kinds of milk and estimation of dietary intake in infants. Food Addit Contam 15:775–781. Bompart G, Pecher C, Prevot D, Girolami JP. 1990. Mild renal failure induced by subchronic exposure to molybdenum: Urinary kallikrein excretion as a marker of distal tubular effect. Toxicol Lett 52:293–300. Bougle D, Bureau F, Foucault P, Duhamel J-F, Muller G, Drosdowsky M. 1988. Molybdenum content of term and preterm human milk during the first 2 months of lactation. Am J Clin Nutr 48:652–654. Bremner I. 1979. The toxicity of cadmium, zinc and molybdenum and their effects on copper metabolism. Proc Nutr Soc 38:235–242. Cantone MC, de Bartolo D, Gambarini G, Giussani A, Ottolenghi A, Pirola L. 1995. Proton activation analysis of stable isotopes for a molybdenum biokinetics study in humans. Med Phys 22:1293–1298. Carmichael S, Abrams B, Selvin S. 1997. The pattern of maternal weight gain in women with good pregnancy outcomes. Am J Public Health 87:1984–1988. Casey CE, Neville MC. 1987. Studies in human lactation 3: Molybdenum and nickel in human milk during the first month of lactation. Am J Clin Nutr 45:921–926. Chappell WR, Meglen RR, Moure-Eraso R, Solomons CC, Tsongas TA, Walravens PA, Winston PW. 1979. Human Health Effects of Molybdenum in Drinking Water. EPA-600/1-79-006. Cincinnati, OH: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Health Effects Research Laboratory. Deosthale YG, Gopalan C. 1974. The effect of molybdenum levels in sorghum (Sorghum vulgare Pers.) on uric acid and copper excretion in man. Br J Nutr 31:351–355. Engel RW, Price NO, Miller RF. 1967. Copper, manganese, cobalt, and molyb- denum balance in preadolescent girls. J Nutr 92:197–204.

1191 O NLINE REFERENCES Friel JK, MacDonald AC, Mercer CN, Belkhode SL, Downton G, Kwa PG, Aziz K, Andrews WL. 1999. Molybdenum requirements in low-birth-weight infants re- ceiving parenteral and enteral nutrition. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 23:155–159. Fungwe TV, Buddingh F, Demick DS, Lox CD, Yang MT, Yang SP. 1990. The role of dietary molybdenum on estrous activity, fertility, reproduction and molyb- denum and copper enzyme activities of female rats. Nutr Res 10:515–524. Hurrell RF, Juillerat MA, Reddy MB, Lynch SR, Dassenko SA, Cook JD. 1992. Soy protein, phytate and iron absorption in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 56:573–578. IOM (Institute of Medicine). 1990. Nutrition During Pregnancy. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Jeter MA, Davis GK. 1954. The effect of dietary molybdenum upon growth, hemo- globin, reproduction and lactation of rats. J Nutr 54:215–220. Johnson JL. 1997. Molybdenum. In: O’Dell BL, Sunde RA, eds. Handbook of Nutri- tionally Essential Mineral Elements. Clinical Nutrition in Health and Disease. New York: Marcel Dekker. Pp. 413–438. Johnson JL, Rajagopalan KV, Wadman SK. 1993. Human molybdenum cofactor deficiency. In: Ayling JE, Nair GM, Baugh CM, eds. Chemistry and Biology of Pteridines and Folates. New York: Plenum Press. Pp. 373–378. Kovalsky VV, Yarovaya GA, Shmavonyan DM. 1961. The change in purine metabo- lism of humans and animals under the conditions of molybdenum bio- geochemical provinces. Zh Obshch Biol 22:179–191. Krachler M, Li FS, Rossipal E, Irgolic KJ. 1998. Changes in the concentrations of trace elements in human milk during lactation. J Trace Elem Med Biol 12:159– 176. McCarter A, Riddell PE, Robinson GA. 1962. Molybdenosis induced in laboratory rabbits. Can J Biochem Physiol 40:1415–1425. Miller RF, Price NO, Engel RW. 1956. Added dietary inorganic sulfate and its effect upon rats fed molybdenum. J Nutr 60:539–547. Mills CF, Davis GK. 1987. Molybdenum. In: Mertz W, ed. Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition, Vol. 1. San Diego: Academic Press. Pp. 429–463. Nielsen FH. 1999. Ultratrace minerals. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, Ross AC, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 9th ed. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. Pp. 283–303. O’Dell BL. 1989. Mineral interactions relevant to nutrient requirements. J Nutr 119:1832–1838. Ostrom CA, Van Reen R, Miller CW. 1961. Changes in the connective tissue of rats fed toxic diets containing molybdenum salts. J Dent Res 40:520–528. Paschal DC, Ting BG, Morrow JC, Pirkle JL, Jackson RJ, Sampson EJ, Miller DT, Caldwell KL. 1998. Trace metals of United States residents: reference range concentrations. Environ Res 76:53-59. Pennington JAT, Jones JW. 1987. Molybdenum, nickel, cobalt, vanadium, and stron- tium in total diets. J Am Diet Assoc 87:1644–1650. Rajagopalan KV. 1988. Molybdenum: An essential trace element in human nutri- tion. Ann Rev Nutr 8:401–427. Rosoff B, Spencer H. 1964. Fate of molybdenum-99 in man. Nature 202:410–411. Rossipal E, Krachler M. 1998. Pattern of trace elements in human milk during the course of lactation. Nutr Res 18:11–24. Schroeder HA, Mitchener M. 1971. Toxic effects of trace elements on the repro- duction of mice and rats. Arch Environ Health 23:102–106.

1192 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES Tsongas TA, Meglen RR, Walravens PA, Chappell WR. 1980. Molybdenum in the diet: An estimate of average daily intake in the United States. Am J Clin Nutr 33:1103–1107. Turnlund JR, Keyes WR. 2000. Dietary molybdenum: Effect on copper absorption, excretion, and status in young men. In: Roussel AM, Anderson RA, Favier A, eds. Trace Elements in Man and Animals 10. New York: Kluwer Academic. Turnlund JR, Keyes WR, Peiffer GL. 1995a. Molybdenum absorption, excretion, and retention studied with stable isotopes in young men at five intakes of dietary molybdenum. Am J Clin Nutr 62:790–796. Turnlund JR, Keyes WR, Peiffer GL, Chiang G. 1995b. Molybdenum absorption, excretion, and retention studied with stable isotopes in young men during depletion and repletion. Am J Clin Nutr 61:1102–1109. Turnlund JR, Weaver CM, Kim SK, Keyes WR, Gizaw Y, Thompson KH, Peiffer GL. 1999. Molybdenum absorption and utilization in humans from soy and kale intrinsically labeled with stable isotopes of molybdenum. Am J Clin Nutr 69:1217–1223. Valli VE, McCarter A, McSherry BJ, Robinson GA. 1969. Hematopoiesis and epi- physeal growth zones in rabbits with molybdenosis. Am J Vet Res 30:435–445. Versieck J, Hoste J, Barbier F, Vanballenberghe L, De Rudder J, Cornelis R. 1978. Determination of molybdenum in human serum by neutron activation analysis. Clin Chim Acta 87:135–140. Vyskocil A, Viau C. 1999. Assessment of molybdenum toxicity in humans. J Appl Toxicol 19:185–192. WHO (World Health Organization). 1996. Trace Elements in Human Nutrition and Health. Geneva: WHO. Pp. 144–154. Ibid., Chapter 14, pp. 578–579. Basiotis PP, Welsh SO, Cronin FJ, Kelsay JL, Mertz W. 1987. Number of days of food intake records required to estimate individual and group nutrient in- takes with defined confidence. J Nutr 117:1638–1641. Briefel RR, Sempos CT, McDowell MA, Chien S, Alaimo K. 1997. Dietary methods research in the Third National Health and Examination Survey: Under- reporting of energy intake. Am J Clin Nutr 65:1203S–1209S. Gibson RS, Ferguson EL. 1998. Assessment of dietary zinc in a population. Am J Clin Nutr 68:430S–434S. Hallberg L, Hulthen L. 2000. Prediction of dietary iron absorption: An algorithm for calculating absorption and bioavailability of dietary iron. Am J Clin Nutr 71:1147–1160. Heitmann BL, Lissner L. 1995. Dietary underreporting by obese individuals—Is it specific or non-specific? Br Med J 311:986–989. IOM (Institute of Medicine). 1994. How Should the Recommended Dietary Allowances be Revised? Washington, DC: National Academy Press. IOM. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in Dietary Assessment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Mertz W, Tsui JC, Judd JT, Reiser S, Hallfrisch J, Morris ER, Steele PD, Lashley E. 1991. What are people really eating? The relation between energy intake de- rived from estimated diet records and intake determined to maintain body weight. Am J Clin Nutr 54:291–295.

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1194 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES PHOSPHORUS Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (ISBN 0-309-06350-7), pp. 325–374. Abbott L, Nadler J, Rude RK. 1994. Magnesium deficiency in alcoholism: Possible contribution to osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease in alcoholics. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 18:1976–1082. Abe E, Miyaura C, Sakagami H, Takeda M, Konno K, Yamazaki T, Yoshiki S, Suda T. 1981. Differentiation of mouse myeloid leukemia cells induced by 1_25- dihydroxyvitamin D3. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78:4990–4994. Abraham GE, Grewal H. 1990. A total dietary program emphasizing magnesium instead of calcium: Effect on the mineral density of calcaneous bone in post- menopausal women on hormonal therapy. J Reprod Med 35:503–507. Abrams SA, Stuff JE. 1994. Calcium metabolism in girls: Current dietary intakes lead to low rates of calcium absorption and retention during puberty. Am J Clin Nutr 60:739–743. Abrams SA, Sidbury JB, Muenzer J, Esteban NV, Vieira NE, Yergey AL. 1991. Stable isotopic measurement of endogenous fecal calcium excretion in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 12:469–473. Abrams SA, Esteban NV, Vieira NE, Sidbury JB, Specker BL, Yergey AL. 1992. Developmental changes in calcium kinetics in children assessed using stable isotopes. J Bone Miner Res 7:287–293. Abrams SA, Silber TJ, Esteban NV, Vieira NE, Stuff JE, Meyers R, Majd M, Yergey AL. 1993. Mineral balance and bone turnover in adolescents with anorexia nervosa. J Pediatr 123:326–331. Abrams SA, O’Brien KO, Stuff JE. 1996a. Changes in calcium kinetics associated with menarche. J Clin Endocrin Metab 81:2017–2020. Abrams SA, O’Brien KO, Wen J, Liang LK, Stuff JE. 1996b. Absorption by 1-year- old children of an iron supplement given with cow’s milk or juice. Pediatr Res 39:171–175. Abrams SA, Wen J, Stuff JE. 1997a. Absorption of calcium, zinc and iron from breast milk by 5- to 7-month-old infants. Pediatr Res 41:1–7. Abrams SA, Grusak MA, Stuff J, O’Brien KO. 1997b. Calcium and magnesium balance in 9- to 14-year-old children. Am J Clin Nutr 66:1172-1177. Abreo K, Adlakha A, Kilpatrick S, Flanagan R, Webb R, Shakamuri S. 1993. The Milk-Alkali Syndrome. A reversible form of acute renal failure. Arch Intern Med 153:1005–1010. Ackerman PG, Toro G. 1953. Calcium and phosphorus balance in elderly men. J Gerontol 8:298–300. ADA (American Dental Association Council on Dental Therapeutics). 1994. New fluoride guidelines proposed. J Am Dent Assoc 125:366. Adams JS. 1989. Vitamin D metabolite-mediated hypercalcemia. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 18:765–778. Adams JS, Beeker TG, Hongo T, Clemens TL. 1990. Constitutive expression of a vitamin D 1-hydroxylase in a myelomonocytic cell line: A model for studying 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D production in vitro. J Bone Miner Res 5:1265–1269. Affinito P, Tommaselli GA, DiCarlo C, Guida F, Nappi C. 1996. Changes in bone mineral density and calcium metabolism in breast-feeding women: A one year follow-up study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:2314–2318.

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1260 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES SELENIUM Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (ISBN 0-309-06949-1), Chapter 7, pp. 319–324. Allen JC, Keller RP, Archer P, Neville MC. 1991. Studies in human lactation: Milk composition and daily secretion rates of macronutrients in the first year of lactation. Am J Clin Nutr 54:69–80. Arteel GE, Mostert V, Oubrahim H, Briviba K, Abel J, Sies H. 1998. Protection by selenoprotein P in human plasma against peroxynitrite-mediated oxidation and nitration. Biol Chem 379:1201–1205. Avissar N, Slemmon JR, Palmer IS, Cohen HJ. 1991. Partial sequence of human plasma glutathione peroxidase and immunologic identification of milk glu- tathione peroxidase as the plasma enzyme. J Nutr 121:1243–1249. Beck MA, Levander OA. 1998. Dietary oxidative stress and the potentiation of viral infection. Annu Rev Nutr 18:93–116. Behne D, Wolters W. 1983. Distribution of selenium and glutathione peroxidase in the rat. J Nutr 113:456–461. Behne D, Kyriakopoulos A, Kalcklosch M, Weiss-Nowak C, Pfeifer H, Gessner H, Hammel C. 1997. Two new selenoproteins found in the prostatic glandular epithelium and in the spermatid nuclei. Biomed Environ Sci 10:340–345. Berry MJ, Larsen PR. 1992. The role of selenium in thyroid hormone action. En- docr Rev 13:207–219. Blot WJ, Li JY, Taylor PR, Guo W, Dawsey SM, Li B. 1995. The Linxian trials: Mortality rates by vitamin-mineral intervention group. Am J Clin Nutr 62:1424S– 1426S. Bösl MR, Takaku K, Oshima M, Nishimura S, Taketo MM. 1997. Early embryonic lethality caused by targeted disruption of the mouse selenocysteine tRNA gene (Trsp). Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94:5531–5534. Bratakos MS, Zafiropoulos TF, Siskos PA, Ioannou PV. 1988. Total selenium con- centration in tap and bottled drinking water and coastal waters of Greece. Sci Total Environ 76:49–54. Brätter P, Negretti de Brätter VE. 1996. Influence of high dietary selenium intake on the thyroid hormone level in human serum. J Trace Elem Med Biol 10:163– 166. Brätter P, Negretti de Brätter VE, Jaffe WG, Mendez Castellano H. 1991. Selenium status of children living in seleniferous areas of Venezuela. J Trace Elem Electro- lytes Hlth Dis 5:269–270. Burk RF, Brown DG, Seely RJ, Scaief CC III. 1972. Influence of dietary and injected selenium on whole-body retention, route of excretion, and tissue retention of 75SeO 2- in the rat. J Nutr 102:1049–1055. 3 Burk RF, Hill KE, Awad JA, Morrow JD, Kato T, Cockell KA, Lyons PR. 1995. Pathogenesis of diquat-induced liver necrosis in selenium-deficient rats. As- sessment of the roles of lipid peroxidation and selenoprotein P. Hepatology 21:561–569. Burk RF, Levander OA. 1999. Selenium. In: Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M, Ross AC, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 9th edition. Baltimore, MD: Will- iams & Wilkins. Pp. 265–276. Burk RF, Pearson WN, Wood RP II, Viteri F. 1967. Blood selenium levels and in vitro red blood cell uptake of 75Se in kwashiorkor. Am J Clin Nutr 20:723–733.

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1324 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES Zielhuis RL, Wibomo AA. 1984. Standard setting and metal speciation: Arsenic. In: Nriagu JO, ed. Changing Metal Cycles and Human Health. New York: Springer- Verlag. Pp. 323–344. Ibid., Chapter 14, pp. 578–579. Basiotis PP, Welsh SO, Cronin FJ, Kelsay JL, Mertz W. 1987. Number of days of food intake records required to estimate individual and group nutrient in- takes with defined confidence. J Nutr 117:1638–1641. Briefel RR, Sempos CT, McDowell MA, Chien S, Alaimo K. 1997. Dietary methods research in the Third National Health and Examination Survey: Under- reporting of energy intake. Am J Clin Nutr 65:1203S–1209S. Gibson RS, Ferguson EL. 1998. Assessment of dietary zinc in a population. Am J Clin Nutr 68:430S–434S. Hallberg L, Hulthen L. 2000. Prediction of dietary iron absorption: An algorithm for calculating absorption and bioavailability of dietary iron. Am J Clin Nutr 71:1147–1160. Heitmann BL, Lissner L. 1995. Dietary underreporting by obese individuals—Is it specific or non-specific? Br Med J 311:986–989. IOM (Institute of Medicine). 1994. How Should the Recommended Dietary Allowances be Revised? Washington, DC: National Academy Press. IOM. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in Dietary Assessment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Mertz W, Tsui JC, Judd JT, Reiser S, Hallfrisch J, Morris ER, Steele PD, Lashley E. 1991. What are people really eating? The relation between energy intake de- rived from estimated diet records and intake determined to maintain body weight. Am J Clin Nutr 54:291–295. NRC (National Research Council). 1980. Recommended Dietary Allowances, 9th ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. NRC. 1986. Nutrient Adequacy. Assessment Using Food Consumption Surveys. Washing- ton, DC: National Academy Press. NRC. 1989. Recommended Dietary Allowances, 10th ed. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Nusser SM, Carriquiry AL, Dodd KW, Fuller WA. 1996. A semiparametric transfor- mation approach to estimating usual daily intake distributions. J Am Stat Assoc 91:1440–1449. Schoeller DA. 1999. Recent advances from application of doubly labeled water to measurement of human energy expenditure. J Nutr 129:1765–1768. USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture). 1999. USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 13. [Online.] Available: http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/ foodcomp [accessed February 2000]. WHO (World Health Organization). 1996. Zinc. In: Trace Elements in Human Nutri- tion and Health. Geneva: WHO. Pp. 72–104.

1325 O NLINE REFERENCES APPENDIX C Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (ISBN 0-309-09158-6), Chapter 2, pp. 48–49. AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics). 1997. Breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Pediatrics 100:1035–1039. Butte NF, Garza C, Smith EO, Nichols BL. 1984. Human milk intake and growth in exclusively breast-fed infants. J Pediatr 104:187–195. Chandra RK. 1984. Physical growth of exclusively breast-fed infants. Nutr Res 2:275– 276. Feinleib M, Rifkind B, Sempos C, Johnson C, Bachorik P, Lippel K, Carroll M, Ingster-Moore L, Murphy R. 1993. Methodological issues in the measure- ment of cardiovascular risk factors: Within-person variability in selected se- rum lipid measures—Results from the Third National Health and Nutrition Survey (NHANES III). Can J Cardiol 9:87D–88D. Health Canada. 1990. Nutrition Recommendations. The Report of the Scientific Review Committee 1990. Ottawa: Canadian Government Publishing Centre. Heinig MJ, Nommsen LA, Peerson JM, Lonnerdal B, Dewey KG. 1993. Energy and protein intakes of breast-fed and formula-fed infants during the first year of life and their association with growth velocity: The DARLING Study. Am J Clin Nutr 58:152–161. Heitmann BL, Lissner L. 1995. Dietary underreporting by obese individuals—Is it specific or non-specific? Br Med J 311:986–989. Hill AB. 1971. Principles of Medical Statistics, 9th ed. New York: Oxford University Press. Hofvander Y, Hagman U, Hillervik C, Sjolin S. 1982. The amount of milk con- sumed by 1–3 months old breast- or bottle-fed infants. Acta Paediatr Scand 71:953–958. Hytten FE, Leitch I. 1971. The Physiology of Human Pregnancy, 2nd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific. IOM (Institute of Medicine). 1991. Nutrition During Lactation. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. IOM. 2000. Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in Dietary Assessment. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. IOM. 2002/2005. Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Acad- emies Press. Lichtman SW, Pisarska K, Berman ER, Pestone M, Dowling H, Offenbacher E, Weisel H, Heshka S, Matthews DE, Heymsfield SB. 1992. Discrepancy between self-reported and actual caloric intake and exercise in obese subjects. N Engl J Med 327:1893–1898. Mertz W, Tsui JC, Judd JT, Reiser S, Hallfrisch J, Morris ER, Steele PD, Lashley E. 1991. What are people really eating? The relation between energy intake de- rived from estimated diet records and intake determined to maintain body weight. Am J Clin Nutr 54:291–295. Neville MC, Keller R, Seacat J, Lutes V, Neifert M, Casey C, Allen J, Archer P. 1988. Studies in human lactation: Milk volumes in lactating women during the onset of lactation and full lactation. Am J Clin Nutr 48:1375–1386. NRC (National Research Council). 1986. Nutrient Adequacy. Assessment Using Food Consumption Surveys. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.

1326 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES Nusser SM, Carriquiry AL, Dodd KW, Fuller WA. 1996. A semiparametric transfor- mation approach to estimating usual daily intake distributions. J Am Stat Assoc 91:1440–1449. Perloff BP, Rizek RL, Haytowitz DB, Reid PR. 1990. Dietary intake methodology. II. USDA’s Nutrient Data Base for Nationwide Dietary Intake Surveys. J Nutr 120:1530–1534. WHO (World Health Organization). 2002. The Optimal Duration of Exclusive Breastfeeding. Report of an Expert Consultation. WHO/NHD/01.09. Geneva: WHO. Willett WC, Sampson L, Stampfer MJ, Rosner B, Bain C, Witschi J, Hennekens CH, Speizer FE. 1985. Reproducibility and validity of a semiquantitative food fre- quency questionnaire. Am J Epidemiol 122:51–65. Ibid., Chapter 3, p. 72. Dourson ML, Stara JF. 1983. Regulatory history and experimental support of un- certainty (safety) factors. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 3:224–238. FAO/WHO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization). 1982. Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contami- nants. Twenty-sixth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. WHO Technical Report Series No. 683. Geneva: WHO. FAO/WHO. 1995. The Application of Risk Analysis to Food Standard Issues. Recom- mendations to the Codex Alimentarius Commission (ALINORM 95/9, Ap- pendix 5). Geneva: WHO. Health Canada. 1993. Health Risk Determination—The Challenge of Health Protection. Ottawa: Health Canada, Health Protection Branch. Hill AB. 1971. Principles of Medical Statistics, 9th ed. New York: Oxford University Press. Klaassen CD, Amdur MO, Doull J. 1986. Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 3rd ed. New York: Macmillan. Mertz W, Abernathy CO, Olin SS. 1994. Risk Assessment of Essential Elements. Wash- ington, DC: ILSI Press. NRC (National Research Council). 1983. Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. NRC. 1994. Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment. Washington, DC: National Acad- emy Press. OTA (Office of Technology Assessment). 1993. Researching Health Risks. Washing- ton, DC: Office of Technology Assessment. WHO (World Health Organization). 1987. Principles for the Safety Assessment of Food Additives and Contaminants in Food. Environmental Health Criteria 70. Geneva: WHO. WHO. 1996. Trace Elements in Human Nutrition and Health. Geneva: WHO. Zielhuis RL, van der Kreek FW. 1979. The use of a safety factor in setting health- based permissible levels for occupational exposure. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 42:191–201.

1327 O NLINE REFERENCES Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (ISBN 0-309-08537-3), Chapter 4, pp. 105–106. Dourson ML, Stara JF. 1983. Regulatory history and experimental support of uncertainty (safety) factors. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 3:224–238. FAO/WHO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Health Organization). 1982. Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and Contami- nants. Twenty-sixth report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. WHO Technical Report Series No. 683. Geneva: WHO. FAO/WHO. 1995. The Application of Risk Analysis to Food Standard Issues. Recom- mendations to the Codex Alimentarius Commission (ALINORM 95/9, Appendix 5). Geneva: WHO. Health Canada. 1993. Health Risk Determination—The Challenge of Health Protection. Ottawa: Health Canada, Health Protection Branch. Hill AB. 1971. Principles of Medical Statistics, 9th ed. New York: Oxford University Press. Klaassen CD, Amdur MO, Doull J. 1986. Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 3rd ed. New York: Macmillan. Mertz W, Abernathy CO, Olin SS. 1994. Risk Assessment of Essential Elements. Wash- ington, DC: ILSI Press. NRC (National Research Council). 1983. Risk Assessment in the Federal Government: Managing the Process. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. NRC. 1994. Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment. Washington, DC: National Acad- emy Press. OTA (Office of Technology Assessment). 1993. Researching Health Risks. Washing- ton, DC: OTA. WHO (World Health Organization). 1987. Principles for the Safety Assessment of Food Additives and Contaminants in Food. Environmental Health Criteria 70. Geneva: WHO. WHO. 1996. Trace Elements in Human Nutrition and Health. Geneva: WHO. Zielhuis RL, van der Kreek FW. 1979. The use of a safety factor in setting health- based permissible levels for occupational exposure. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 42:191–201.

1328 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES APPENDIX E Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (ISBN 0-309-08537-3) http://newton.nap.edu/catalog/10490.html APPENDIX F Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (ISBN 0-309-06350-7) http://newton.nap.edu/catalog/5776.html Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (ISBN 0-309-08537-3) http://newton.nap.edu/catalog/10490.html Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (ISBN 0-309-06411-2) http://newton.nap.edu/catalog/6015.html Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (ISBN 0-309-07290-5) http://newton.nap.edu/catalog/10026.html Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (ISBN 0-309-06949-1) http://newton.nap.edu/catalog/9810.html Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (ISBN 0-309-09158-6) http://newton.nap.edu/catalog/10925.html

1329 O NLINE REFERENCES APPENDIX G Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (ISBN 0-309-07290-5) http://newton.nap.edu/catalog/10026.html APPENDIX H Please see the following Web site for a list of all Dietary Reference Intakes reports: http://www.nap.edu/catalog/dri/ APPENDIX I Dietary Reference Intakes: Applications in Dietary Assessment (ISBN 0-309-07183-6) http://newton.nap.edu/catalog/9956.html

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Widely regarded as the classic reference work for the nutrition, dietetic, and allied health professions since its introduction in 1943, Recommended Dietary Allowances has been the accepted source in nutrient allowances for healthy people. Responding to the expansion of scientific knowledge about the roles of nutrients in human health, the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine, in partnership with Health Canada, has updated what used to be known as Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) and renamed their new approach to these guidelines Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs).

Since 1998, the Institute of Medicine has issued eight exhaustive volumes of DRIs that offer quantitative estimates of nutrient intakes to be used for planning and assessing diets applicable to healthy individuals in the United States and Canada. Now, for the first time, all eight volumes are summarized in one easy-to-use reference volume, Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Reference for Dietary Planning and Assessment. Organized by nutrient for ready use, this popular reference volume reviews the function of each nutrient in the human body, food sources, usual dietary intakes, and effects of deficiencies and excessive intakes. For each nutrient of food component, information includes:

  • Estimated average requirement and its standard deviation by age and gender.
  • Recommended dietary allowance, based on the estimated average requirement and deviation.
  • Adequate intake level, where a recommended dietary allowance cannot be based on an estimated average requirement.
  • Tolerable upper intake levels above which risk of toxicity would increase.
  • Along with dietary reference values for the intakes of nutrients by Americans and Canadians, this book presents recommendations for health maintenance and the reduction of chronic disease risk.

Also included is a "Summary Table of Dietary Reference Intakes," an updated practical summary of the recommendations. In addition, Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Reference for Dietary Planning and Assessment provides information about:

  • Guiding principles for nutrition labeling and fortification
  • Applications in dietary planning
  • Proposed definition of dietary fiber
  • A risk assessment model for establishing upper intake levels for nutrients
  • Proposed definition and plan for review of dietary antioxidants and related compounds

Dietitians, community nutritionists, nutrition educators, nutritionists working in government agencies, and nutrition students at the postsecondary level, as well as other health professionals, will find Dietary Reference Intakes: The Essential Reference for Dietary Planning and Assessment an invaluable resource.

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