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Elements of a National Materials Policy (1972)

Chapter: Abundances of Mineral Commodities and Problems Affecting Future Primary Supplies

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Suggested Citation:"Abundances of Mineral Commodities and Problems Affecting Future Primary Supplies." National Research Council. 1972. Elements of a National Materials Policy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/20463.
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Suggested Citation:"Abundances of Mineral Commodities and Problems Affecting Future Primary Supplies." National Research Council. 1972. Elements of a National Materials Policy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/20463.
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Suggested Citation:"Abundances of Mineral Commodities and Problems Affecting Future Primary Supplies." National Research Council. 1972. Elements of a National Materials Policy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/20463.
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Page 10
Suggested Citation:"Abundances of Mineral Commodities and Problems Affecting Future Primary Supplies." National Research Council. 1972. Elements of a National Materials Policy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/20463.
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Page 11
Suggested Citation:"Abundances of Mineral Commodities and Problems Affecting Future Primary Supplies." National Research Council. 1972. Elements of a National Materials Policy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/20463.
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Page 12
Suggested Citation:"Abundances of Mineral Commodities and Problems Affecting Future Primary Supplies." National Research Council. 1972. Elements of a National Materials Policy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/20463.
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Page 13
Suggested Citation:"Abundances of Mineral Commodities and Problems Affecting Future Primary Supplies." National Research Council. 1972. Elements of a National Materials Policy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/20463.
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Page 14
Suggested Citation:"Abundances of Mineral Commodities and Problems Affecting Future Primary Supplies." National Research Council. 1972. Elements of a National Materials Policy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/20463.
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Page 15
Suggested Citation:"Abundances of Mineral Commodities and Problems Affecting Future Primary Supplies." National Research Council. 1972. Elements of a National Materials Policy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/20463.
×
Page 16
Suggested Citation:"Abundances of Mineral Commodities and Problems Affecting Future Primary Supplies." National Research Council. 1972. Elements of a National Materials Policy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/20463.
×
Page 17
Suggested Citation:"Abundances of Mineral Commodities and Problems Affecting Future Primary Supplies." National Research Council. 1972. Elements of a National Materials Policy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/20463.
×
Page 18
Suggested Citation:"Abundances of Mineral Commodities and Problems Affecting Future Primary Supplies." National Research Council. 1972. Elements of a National Materials Policy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/20463.
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Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

- 10 - a b u nd a n t o n a g l o b a l s c a l e . W e b e l i e v e t h a t c r i t i c a l sho r t ­ a g e s o f s u c h c o mmod i t i e s a r e n o t l i k e l y n o w o r e v er i n a r at i o n a l wo r l d . Fo r a n u m b e r o f t h e s e c o mmo d i t i es , t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s i s a l r e ady s e l f - s u ff i c i e n t , a n d p r o d u c t i o n c o u l d pr o c e ed fo r ma ny g e n e r a t i o n s w i t h o u t t e c h n o l o g i c a l c h a n g e s . Ty p i c a l e x a m p l e s a r e s a l t , c e m e n t , c r u s h e d st o n e , a n d b u i l d i n g s t o n e . C e r t a i n c o mmod i t i e s al r e a d y i m p o r t e d by t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s t o a g re a t e r o r l e s s d e g r e e a l s o b e l o n g i n th i s c a t ­ e g o ry b e c a u s e d o me s t i c r e s o u r c e s a v a i l a b l e c o ul d b e s u c c e s s ­ f ul l y w o r k e d a t s o me w h a t h i g h e r c o s t s . Ty p i c a l e x a m pl e s a r e p r o d u c t i o n o f i r o n f r o m l o w - g r a d e o r e s , al u m i n u m f r o m cl ay s a n d o t h e r n o n -b a u x i t e s o u r c e s , a n d t i t a n i u m c o m p o u n d s f r om l o w - g r a d e i l m e n i t e d e p o s i t s . E n e r g y r e q u i r e m e n t s a n d e n ­ v i ro n me n t al c o n s i d e r a t i o n s i n c e r t a i n i n s t an c e s , h ow e v e r , m a y s e t s e r i o u s l i m i t a t i o n s o n u s e o f s u c h r e s o u r c e s . F o r e a c h of t h e s e c o mm o d i t i e s t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s c o u l d b e s e l f - s u f f i c i e n t . T h e d e c i s i o n f o r o r a g a i n s t s u c h a p o ­ s i t i o n w i t h r e s p e c t t o a n y c o mmo d i ty i s l a r g e l y a t a c t i c al ­ e c o n o m i c o n e . A l t e rn a t e fo r e i g n s o u r c e s o f s om e a r e e x p e n ­ s i v e . T h e c a p ab i l i t y o f i n t e r n a l p ro d u c t i o n , h o we v e r , s e r v e s t o s e t a p r i c e c e i l i n g a n d h e n c e t o r e s t r a i n p r i c e c o n t r o l by f o r e i g n s u p pl i e r s . B . C ommo d i t i e s t h a t a r e r el a t i v e l y a b u n d a n t b u t u n e v e nly d i s t r i b u t e d o n a g e o g r a p h i c b a s i s : F o r a s e c o n d g ro u p o f m i n e r al c o mm o d i t i e s , i d e n t i f i e d r e s e r v e s , r e a s o n ab l y e x p e c t a b l e d i s c o v e r i e s u s i n g e x i s t i n g

- 11 - t e c h n o l o gy , a n d , t o s o m e e x t e n t , s m al l p r i c e r i s e s c a n g u a r ­ a n t e e a st a bl e glo ba l p r o d u c t i o n a t l e a s t fo r s e v e r al g e n ­ e r a t i o n s , a n d p ro b a bly l o n g e r . T h e s e c o mmo d i t i e s , h o we v e r , a r e n o t d i s t r i b u t e d e v e nly a c r o s s t h e e a r t h . W e t h e r e fo r e d i v i d e t h e m i n t o t w o s u b c a t e g o r i e s : 1) C o mmo d i t i e s t h a t a r e ab u n d a n t i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s a n d fo r w h i c h p r e s e n t o r f u t u r e s el f - s u f f i c i e n cy h a s a l r e a dy b e e n a c h i e v e d o r wo ul d p ro b a bly b e p o s ­ s i b l e i n t h e f u t u r e . E xampl e s a r e m oly bd e n u m , �a t ­ a s h , � h o s p h a t e , c o al , a n d p o s s i bly c o p p e r a n d l ea d . - - 2) S h o u l d b re e d e r t e c h n ol o gy b e d e v e l o p e d , u r a n i u m a n d t h o r i u m c o ul d b e a d d e d t o t h e l i s t . C ommo d i t i e s i n w h i c h t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s i s d e f i c i e n t c:::>- -� - . -- ----- c o m pa r e d w i t h d ema n d , a n d fo r w h i c h w e b e l i e v e o nly a s m all p r o b a b i l i ty e x i s t s t h a t e x p l o r a t i o n , p r i c e c h a n g e s , a n d t e c h n o l og i c a l a d v a n c e s w i l l a l l ow s elf - s u f f i c i e n cy t o d e v el o p . E x a m ple s a r e � n g�����· c h r o m i u m , n i c k el , fl u o r s p a r , n i o b i u mJ a n d h y d r o - c a r b o n s o t h e r t h a n c o a l . C . C o mm o d i t i e s t h a t a r e i n t r i n s i c ally r a re a nd al s o g e o ­ g rap h i c al l y r e s t r i c t e d: C r u s t al a b u n d a n c e s s e t u l t i m a t e l i m i t s o n a va i l a b i l i t y o f c e rta i n c o mmo d i t i e s i n t e rm s o f fo r e s e ea b l e t e c h n ol o g y . E x c l u d i n g s u c h c ha n g e s a s redu c t i o n i n e n e r gy c o s t s by o n e o r t w o o rd e r s o f m a g n i t u d e , i t s e e m s u n l i k ely t h a t g e o c h em ­ i c a l l y s c a r c e e l e m ew t s o r c om p o u n d s w i l l b e r e c o v e red f r o m

-12- a v e r a g e r o c k s a n d m i n e ral s . E v e n w i t h a r e d u c t i o n i n e n e r g y c o s t s , a n d e v e n i f u nl i m i t e d e n e r gy b e c o me s a va i l a bl e , i t i s u n l i k ely t ha t a v e ra g e r o c k s c o ul d b e p r o c e s s e d w i t h o u t d i s­ a s t r o u s e n v i ro nm e n t al c o n s eq u e n c e s . We s u b d i v i d e t his c at e ­ g o ry i n t o t w o s u b ca t e g o r i e s : 1) C ommo d i t i e s i n w h i c h t h e U n i t e d S ta t e s i s s e l f ­ s u f f i c i e n t o n a c o n t i n u i n g b a s i s . C e r i u m m e t al s a n d b o r o n f all i n t h i s g r o u p , b u t e x am pl e s a r e d i s ­ t re s s i n g l y r a re . 2) C ommo d i t i e s i n w h i c h t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s i s d e f i c i ­ e n t . E x a mp l e s a re pl a t i n u m , g o��!_'!'�. r c�_ry_ , _ _ �_ , a n d t a n t a l u m . W e r e c o g n i z e t h a t f o r ma n y o f t h e i n t r i n s i cal l y ra r e c o mm o d i t i e s , p r e s e n t k n o wl e d g e o f p ro c e s s e s c o n t r o l l i n g t h e f o rm a t i o n a n d d i s t r i b u t i o n o f d e p o s i t s i s i n a d e q u a t e . Al t h o u g h r e s e a r c h a n d e x p l o r a t i o n m a y c h a n g e t h e s i t uat i o n w i t h r e s p e c t t o s om e o f t h e s e c o mmo d i t i e s , we d o n o t b e ­ l i e v e i t l i k ely t h a t d i s c o v e r i e s w i l l m o v e a c ommo d i ty f r o m G ro u p C ( i n t r i n s i c a l ly r · a r e a n d g e o g r a p h i c a l l y r e s t r i c t e d ) i n t o G r o u p B . A n d i t i s v i r t u a l l y c e r t a i n t ha t n o c o mmo d i ­ t i e s w i ll m o v e f ro m G ro u p C o r G r o u p B t o G ro u p A ( a b u n d a n t a n d w i d e l y a v a i l a b l e ) . C E N T RA L I S S U E S A N D TH E I R R E S O L U T I O N T h e f u t u r e a v a i l a b i l i ty o f e s s e n t i a l m i n e r a l c o mmod i ­ t i e s t o t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s w i l l d e p e n d o n t h e r e s ol u t i o n o f

-13- fo u r b a s i c i s s u e s . T h e s e a r e s t a t e d a s q u e s t i o n s b e l o w , f ollo w e d b y t h e p a n el • s r e s p o n s e s . Q u e s t i o n 1: W h a t ste p s mu s t b e ta k e n t o e n s u r e max i m um u t i l i z a t i o n o f d o m e s t i c m i n e r al r e s o u r c e s w i t h o ut u na c c ep t ­ able d a m ag e t o t h e e n v i r o n m e n t? R e s p o n s e : 1.� A n a d e q u a t e i n f o rm a t i o n b a s e m u s t b e p r o v i d e d by m e a n s o f a . C o m ple t i n g t h e g e ol o g i c al , g e o p h y s i c al , a n d m e t al ­ l o g e n i c m a p p i n g o f t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s i n o r d e r t o p r o v i d e t h e e s s e n t i al f o u n d a t i o n f o r e f f e c t i v e e x ­ pl o r a t i o n a n d d i s c o v e ry o f d o me s t i c m i n e r a l r e - s o u r c e s . b . D e f i n i t i v e s t u d i e s o f t h e o r i g i n s , h abi t s , a n d d i s - t r i b u t i o n o f m i n e r al d e p o s i t s . c . D e f i n i t i o n o f g e ol o g i c al e n v i r o n m e n t s i n w h i c h m i n e r al d e p o s i t s h a v e p r e f e r e n t i ally f o rm e d i n t h e e a r t h ' s c r u s t . d . I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o n t h e b a s i s o f a , b , a n d c o f m i n - e r al p r o v i n c e s i n w h i c h y e t u n d i s c o v e r e d m i n e r al d e - p o s i t s m ay b e f o u n d , i n cl u d i n g d e e ply b u r i e d o r o t h e rw i s e c o n c e al e d o r e b o d i e s . e . G e o p h y s i c al a n d g e o c h em i c al s t u d i e s o f m i n e r al p r o ­ v i n c e s a n d d i s t r i c t s t o f a c i l i t a t e e x pl o r a t i o n a n d d i s c o v e ry . f . E s t a bl i s h m e n t o f a c e n t ral i n fo rm a t i o n b a n k o n t h e

-14- a b o v e . S t a t i s ti c al d a t a s h o uld l i k e w i s e b e a v a i l ­ a ble f r om t h i s b a n k. 2. L a n d a v ail a ble a n d d e si r a bl e fo r mi n e r a l e x plo r at i o n m u st b e d elimi t e d . T h e a m o u nt o f l a n d o p e n t o m i n er a l e x pl o r at i on i n the U nit e d S t a t e s h a s d e c r e a s e d d r a s ti ­ c ally . The l a n ds o n w hi c h e x pl o r at i o n a c ti v i t i e s a re l imit ed o r p ro hi bite d c a n b e c h a r a cte ri z e d a s f oll o w s: a . A r e as p re cl ud i n g a n y m ult i ple la n d u s e , s u c h a s milita ry re s e r v a ti o n s an d t e stin g g ro u n d s , p a r k s , a n d wild e rness a r e a s; b. A r e as p e rmi ttin g s o me m ulti ple u s e , s u c h a s t o w n s , c ities , a no h i g h w ay ri g h t s of w ay; a n d c . A r e as f o r w hic h the re e x i s t c on fl i c t s i n p o p ul a r attitu d e t o w a r d t h e i r u s e , s u c h a s s o me f e d e r al , st at e , o r c o u nty l a n d s n o t m a d e a v a i l a b l e f o r e x ­ pl o r a t i o n o ut of c o n c e rn fo r e n v i ro n me n t al i m p a c t . Cl a s si fi c a ti o n of l a n d s w i t h r e s p e c t t o m i n e r al p o t e n ­ ti al i s e s s enti al a s a b a s i s fo r d e t e rm i n i n g w h a t l a n d a r e as s h o ul d b e h e l d o p e n f o r m i n e r a l e x plo r a t i o n a n d mi ni n g a n d w hi c h s h o uld b e r e s e r v ed fo r o t h e r p u r p o s e s. P ot e nti a l e n vi r o n m e n t al d a m a g e a n d me a n s o f c o n t rol l i ng a n d mi nimizi n g i t , a s well a s of r e s t o r i n g q u al i t y w h e re i n a d v e r t en t d a m a g e o c c u r s , m u st be g i v e n t o p p r i ­ o r i ty at all le v e l s of l a n d cl a s s i f i c a t i o n , mi n e r al e x ­ pl o r atio n , mi n i n g , a n d oth e r p h a s e s o f m a t e ri al s e x ploi­ tat i o n a n d d e v e l o pm e n t .

- 15- T h e re a r e , i n a ddit i o n , l ar g e areas w i th min e ral p rodu cin g p o t e n t i a l t h a t c o u l d be made avai l ab l e f o r exp l o r a ti o n i f q u e s t i o n s o f l e g a l t e n u re cou l d b e c l ari fie d . Exa m p l e s are t h e c o n t i n e n t a l s h e l v e s ( e s­ p e c i a l l y fo r pet r o l e u m an d natu ral ga s ) a nd t h e de e p e r s ea f l oors ( fo r p h o s p h a t e a nd f o r Ni , Cu , a nd C o i n "m a n g a n e s e " n odu l e s ) . Ju ri s dic t i o n wi t hin s u c h are a s m u s t be c l ar i fied a s t o app ro priate s tat e, n a t i o n a l , or in t e rn a t i o n a l a g e n c i e s , a n d a p p ro p riate e n v i ro n­ me n t a l gu i d e l in e s m u s t b e d e v e l oped be f o r e exp l ora­ tion a n d d e v e l op m e n t c a n p ro ce e d w i t h o u t u n d u e l ega l a n d e n vi r o n me n t a l h aza r d s . 3. I m pro v e d a n d n e w c o s t-e f f i c i e n t t e c h n i q u e s for de t e c t­ i ng a n d s am p l i n g min e r a l d e p o s i t s m u s t be d e v e l o p ed . N ew d o m e s tic d e p o sit s w i l l b e f o u n d in in c r easin g pro­ p o rtio n a t de p t h u n d er b a r re n ro c k . R e s e a r c h o n a n d dev e l o p me n t o f exp l ora t i on t e c h n i q u e s are e s s e n t i a l . 4. Cu r re n t min i n g t e c h niq u e s m u s t be i m p r o v ed a nd n e w m i nin g t e c h n i q u e s m u s t b e de v e l o ped . R e searc h a nd de­ velopme nt t o ward t h e s e e nds i s n e e d e d i n ord e r to d e­ ve l o p l ow - gra d e ma t er i a l s a n d de e p d e p o s i t s e f f i c i e n t­ l y a n d wit h d u e reg ard t o e n vi r o n m e n t a l q u a l i ty . Re­ sea r c h a n d d e v e l o p m e n t are e s p e c i a l l y n e e d ed f o r n e w a n d be t t er me t h o d s o f u n d ergrou nd m i n i ng , t a k i n g ad­ v a n t a g e of oppo rtu nitie s for c ommu nic a tio n wi t h t h o s e c o n c ern e d w i th ro c k me c h a n ic s a n d w i t h d e v e l o pm e n t o f

-16- mo r e e f f i c i e n t a n d mo r e r a p i d m e a n s o f sur fa c e a n d s u b s u r fa c e exc a v a t i o n . U n d e r g r o u n d m i n i n g i s p o t e n­ t i a l l y m u c h l e s s da ma g i n g to t h e e n v i ro nme n t t h a n s u r f a c e m i n i n g , a l t h o u g h i t p o s e s g r e a t e r s a f e ty h a z­ a rd s a n d e n ta i l s g r e a t e r mo n e ta ry c o s t s . Qu e s t i o n I I : To w h a t ex te n t c a n do m e s t i c m i n e r a l d e f i c i e n­ c i e s b e a l l e v i a t ed by e l i m i n a t i n g n o n - e s s e n t i a l u s e s o f m i n­ e r a l s a nd b u i l d i ng mo r e du r a b l e ma c h i n e s, s t r u c t u r e s , a nd c om po n e n t s ? R e s po n s e: We b e l i eye t h a t mo r e c o n s e r v i n g p r a c t i c e s a r e n o w s t rong l y adv i s a b l e a nd w i l l b e c ome e s s e n t i a l . A t t h e s am e t i me w e r e c ogn i z e t h a t ma ny l i t t l e - u nde r s to od i n t e r a c t i o n s a r e i n v o l v ed a nd t h a t p r e s s u r e s a r e g r e a t e r o n s om e c o mmo d i t i e s t h a n o n o t h e r s . T i m e , a b e t te r u nde r­ s t a n d i n g of t h e i n te r a ct i o n s , a nd e c o n o m i c a dju s tme n t s w i l l a l l b e n e eded t o ach i e v e t h e n e c e s s a ry c o n v e r s i o n s s m o o t h l y . W e r e c o g n i z e t h a t t h e i m p l eme n ta t i o n o f s u c h mea s u r e s a s a r e n o w c l ear l y p r a c t i c a b l e s h o u l d b e s u p p l e­ men t ed by a c a r ef u l s t udy of t h e c o m p l e x i t i e s a nd t r ade­ o f f s , w i t h a v i ew to a r r i v i n g a t mo r e e x p l i c i t a nd mo r e o rder l y r e c o mm e n d a t i o n s fo r f u r t h e r a c t i o n s . Qu e s t i o n I I I : To w h a t e x t e n t c a n dom e s t i c m i n e r a l d e f i c i e n­ c i e s be made l e s s c r i t i c a l by adju s t i n g i ndu s t r i a l t e c h n o l ogy to r e s o u r c e s a v a i l a b l e w i t h i n t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s o r, alt e r n a t i v e l y , N o r t h Am e r i c a ?

- 1 7 - Re spons e: T h e s e r i o u sne s s of do me s t i c m i ne ra l d e f i c i enc e s c an b e s u b stan t i ally r edu c e d by e f fo r t s d i r e c t e d towa r d t h e follow i ng: 1. S h i ft i ng tec hnolo gy , ov e r a p e r i od o f y e a r s , towa rd the u s e o f mo r e a b und ant m i ne r al c o mm o d i t i e s , sh i fts b e i ng g e a r e d to o b s o l e s c enc e o f e x i s i n g m i n i ng , b ene­ f i c i at i o n , me tallu r g i c al , and ma n ufa ctu r i ng fa c i l i t i e s . 2. Eli m i n at i ng non- e s s ent i al u s e s and planned ob s ole s c enc e . 3. Re s e arc h on ex t r a c t i o n from low- g r ade ma t e r i als . 4. Re s e arch on extra ct i on o f u s e f ul ma ter i als f rom wa s te s of pre s ent m i n i ng o p erat i ons . 5. Sta n d ard i z i ng p r o d u cts as an a i d to d e s i gn a n d recla m­ a t i o n . 6. U sing a b u n d ant ma t er i als that are no t y e t a s w i dely u s ed a s they could b e ( e . g . , s i l i c a t e s ) . Two pha s e s o f a c t i v i ty a r e r equ i red: (1) s t udy of i ndu s tr i al technolo gy to i de ntify s ecto r s of i nd u s try i n wh i ch u s e o f one or mo r e o f the a bov e m i ght he l p to o ff s e t m i n e ral de f i c i enc i e s , and (2) r e s e arc h and de v elo pment i n alte r n at i v e t e chnolo gy . W e s tre s s al s o the g r ea t i m p o r tanc e o f any s t e p s t h a t may b e ta k en t o i m pro v e e ff i c i enc y o f recycl i ng m i n eral ma t e r i a l s Cha pte r I I I . a s u b j e c t d i s c u s s e d s e p arately i n We b el i e v e tha t planned adj u stmen t o f t e chnology to a v a i la ble d om e s t i c r e s o u rc e s i s e s s e n t i al . Th e a l t er-

- 18 - na t i v e i s p r o g r e s s i v e d e ter i o r a t i o n i n t h e m i n e r a l p o­ s i t i o n o f t h e U n i t e d S ta t e s , w i t h all t h a t t h a t i m p l i e s . O n e c a n fo r e s e e , w i th i n de c ade s , fa i l i ng s u c h a n a d j u st­ m e n t, t h e e r o s i o n of U n i ted S ta t e s m i n i ng , s m el t i n g , r e f i n i n g, a nd m i n e ra l -ba s ed manufa c t u r i n g i ndu s t r i e s , g ro w i ng e c o n om i c c o l o n i al i s m , i n t e r n a t i o n al f r i c t i o n s , a s t e a d i l y de t e r i o r a t i n g bal anc e of t r ade , a n d a t a r­ n i shed g l o b a l i m a g e of t h e n a t i o n . Go v e r nm e n t e n c o u r a g e­ m e n t o f n e eded t r ans i t i ons t h r o u g h s p ons o r s h i p of r e s e a rc h i n ma t e r i al s de s i g n a nd u s e , a s w ell a s t h r o u g h t a x a nd o t h er i n c�n t i v e s , w i l l p r o b a b l y b e e s s en t i al . Qu e s t i o n I V : H o w c a n t h e U n i t e d S ta t e s b e a s s u r e d of s u p - p l i e s of m i n e r a l s i n w h i c h i t i s de f i c i e n t from fo r e i � s o u r c e s ? Re s p o n s e: T h e r e c a n b e n o f i rm l o n g -t e rm a s s u r a n c e . Ne ver­ t h e l e s s , e v e ry effo r t s h o u l d be ma d e to de ve l o p e q u i ­ t a ble l o n g- t e rm a g r e em e n t s o r m e c h a n i s m s for exc h a n g e o f c o mmod i t i e s , m i n e r a l o r o t h e rw i s e , i n w h i c h t h e U n i ted State s i s def i c i e n t . R e s o u r c e s i n c ate g o r i e s A , B(l } , a nd C ( l ) a r e o r c o u l d b e s o u r c e s o f e x p o rta b l e s u r p l u s e s t h a t co u l d b e e x c ha n g ed fo r m i n e r a l s i n c a t e g o r i e s 8( 2 ) a n d C (2 ) , e i t h e r t h r o u g h a r ra n g e me n t s b y p r i va t e i ndu s t ry , by a g r e em e n t s b e tw e e n t h e U n i t e d S ta t e s a n d o t h e r na t i o n s, o r by c o mb i na t i o n s o f b o t h . I n v i ew o f th e i nc r e as i n g

-19- i nte r n a t i on a l c o m p e t i t i o n for m i n e r a l r a w p r o d u cts , s p ec i f i c fo rma l arra n g em e n t s may b e e s s e n t i al t o a s s ure a d equ a t e s u p p l i e s . S u c h a r r a n g eme nts s e em p a r t i c ularly n e c e s s a ry t o a s s u r e s u p p l i e s of m i n e r a l s i n cate gory C ( 2) , for w h i ch n e i t h e r dom e s t i c prod u c­ t i o n n o r r el i e f t hro u g h s u b s t i tu t i o n o r t e c h nolo g i c al adju s tm e n t s s e em s l i ke l y . I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t fo r i n t r i n s i c a l l y r a r e a nd g eogra p h i cally r e s tric ted min eral c ommod i t i e s { G r o u p C ) t h e r e i s t h e p o s s i b i l i ty o f glo b a l e x h a u s t i o n o f r e­ s o u r c e s , i n s o m e c a s e s w i t h i n a c e n tu ry o r l e s s. H e­ l i u m , n a t ural g a s , m e rc u ry , a n d g o l d a r e i n t h i s c ate­ g o ry . C o n s e r v a t i o n o n a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l s c a l e will b e n e eded , a nd i t i s n o t t o o s o o n t o b e g i n t h i n k i n g a b o u t a n i n t e r n a t i o n a l b o dy t h a t m i g h t b e c r e a t e d fo r t h i s p u r po s e . I n t h i s c o n n ec t i o n i t i s w e l l t o b e a r i n mind t h a t s to c kp i l i n g i s n o t a c o n s e r v a t i o n m e a s u r e b u t a n eme r g e n cy p a l l i a t i v e a n d a n i m p l eme n t o f p r i c e c o n t r o l . To t h e ext e n t t h a t i t i s u n d e r ta k e n i t s h o u l d b e do n e w i t h th o s e g o a l s a nd l i m i ta t i o n s i n m i nd .

-20- C h apter I I I M P L I C AT I O N S OF EN V I R O NMEN T A L P R OTECT I O N P O L I CY FO R N AT I O N A L MATER I A L S P O L I CY T h e N ati o n a l En v i ro n me nta l P o l i cy Act ( N E P A ) o f 1970 was e n a cted b e c a u s e "Th e C o n gre s s , re c o g n i z i n g th e pro­ fo u n d i mpact o f m a n's a c t i v i t i e s on th e i nterre l ati o n s o f a l l c o mpo n e nt s of t h e n a t u r a l e n v i ro n m e n t , p arti c u l a r l y t h e pr o fo u n d i n f l u e n c e s o f popu l a t i o n gro wt h , h i g h d e n s i ty ur­ b a n i z at i o n , i n d u s tr i a l e xpa n s i o n , re s o urc e e x p l o i ta t i o n , a n d n e w a n d e xpandi n g t e chno l o g i c a l a d v a n c e s a nd re c o g­ n i z i n g furt h e r t h e c r i t i c a l i mporta n c e o f re s t or i n g a n d ma i n t a i n i n g e n v i ro n m e nta l q u a l i ty -- ( w i s h e d ) t o cre a t e c o n d i t i o n s u nder w h i c h m a n a n d n a t ure c a n ex i s t i n produ c­ t i ve h a rm o n y , and fu l f i l l t h e s o c i a l . e c o n om i c , a nd o t h er req u i re ment s o f pr e s e nt a n d futu re g e n er a t i o n s o f Ameri ­ cans" ( emph a s i s o urs ) . I n t h i s C h apte r we c o n s i d er t h e impl i c atio n s o f th e NE P A f o r t h e f o rm u l a t i o n o f a n a t i o n a l m a t e rials po l i c y t h at s e e k s t o re s po n d c ons t r u c t i ve l y t o t h e c h a r g e t hat i t "e n ­ h anc e e n v i ronm ent a l q u a l ity . " C a n a r e a l i s t i c a n d acc ep­ t a b l e n a tio n a l m a t e r i a l s po l i cy b e form u l ated g i ve n th e c o n­ s t rai n t s o f t h e NE P A ? I s t h e NEPA re a l i st i c , g i ve n t h e a s­ s u mpt i on t hat t h e fre e ent e rpr i s e s y stem a nd a n e q u a l o r in­ c r easin g pe r capita u s e of re s o u r ce s wi l l c o nti n u e to be de s i red by t h e major i ty o f Ame r i c a n s ? I f t h e ex i s t i n g NE P A

-21- a nd c u r r e n tly a c c e p t e d m a t e ri al s d e v el opm e n t p r o c e d u r e s a r e fo u n d t o b e i n c o m p a t i bl e , c a n w e r e c o m m e n d e n v i r o n me n t al l y a c c e p t a ble c h a n g e s i n th e N E P A? P r o j e c t i o n s o f U . S . m i n e p r od u c tio n , i m po r t s , a n d i ndi g e n o u s d em a n d s a r e s h o w n g r a p h i c a l l y fo r s e v e r a l m i n e r a l s i n 1 1 A n I n t e rim R e p o r t11 by th e N a t i o n al C o mm i s s i o n o n M a t e r i al s P oli c y ( A p r i l 1972). The r e l a ti o n shi p s p o r ­ t r ay ed i n m a n y o f th e s e c u r v e s r e f l e c t a n d u n d e r s c o r e th e i s s u e s. Th a t i s , th e n a t i o n al d e m a n d f o r m a n y c ri t i c al m i n e r a l s w i l l i n c r e a s e d u r i n g th e n e x t th r e e d e c a d e s whi l e d o me s t i c p r o d u c t i o n , e v e n a s s umi n g n ew d i s c o v e r i e s a nd m o r e e ff i c i e n t re c o v e ry p r o c e d u r e s a nd r e u s e , w i ll s u p ply e v e r s m al l e r f r a c t i o n s o f t h e t o t al d em a nd . I t f u r th e r s e em s c l e a r t h a t t h e p ro j e c t e d i n c r e a s e s i n d e m a nd w i l l b e c a u s e d b o t h by c o n t i n u i n g p o p ul a t i o n g r ow th a n d i n c r e a s i n g p e r c a pi t a c o n s u m p t i o n . Th e p r ed i c t e d d i v e r g e n c e b e t w e e n do m e s ­ t i c s u p ply a nd t o t al d e m a nd w i l l b e p a r ti ally r ed u c ed by i n c r e a s i n g i m p o r t s a s w e l l a s by th e d e v e l o p me n t o f m o r e e f ­ f i c i e n t t e c h n o l o g i c al p r o c ed u r e s. I f t h e t re n d s p or t r a y ed a r e r e al i s t i c , a n d a r e n o t i m ­ p r o v ed by c o r r e c t i v e a c t i o n , th e n a tio n w i l l , o v e r t h e n e x t d e c ad e s , b e c o m e i n c re a s i n gly de p e nd e n t o n fo rei g n m i n e r a l r e s o u r c e s , w hile , a t the s am e t i me , i t will h a v e t o s t r i v e h a rd e r t o p r od u c e m o re o f i t s d o m e s t i c n e ed s f r o m e v e r l e a n e r o r e s. Th u s , th e re wi l l b e b o t h i n c re a s i n g o p p o r t u n ­ i ty fo r i n t e r n a t i o n a l c o n f l i c t a nd l i k el i h o od o f i n c re a s i n g

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