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Suggested Citation:"2 Animal Care and Use Program." National Research Council. 2020. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition -- Tamil Version. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

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MÃ´ÆÂ°Å Ã°Ã³Â£Ã±KÅ Â¹, Ã°Ã²Â¡Ã°Â£â Â´Ë Fâ Ã¬â¹ 95 Ã®Ã³Â¾â Â°PÅ Â¹Â¬Ã³Ã¨Å AAALAC [Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Labo- ratory Animal Care] International. 2003. Who is responsible for offsite ani- mals? Connection Spring: 6-11, 13. Available at www.aaalac.org/publica- tions <http://www.aaalac.org/publications>. ACLAM [American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine]. 1996. Adequate Veterinary Care. Available at www.aclam.org/education/guidelines/ position_adequatecare.html; accessed May 10, 2010. Anderson LC. 2007. Institutional and IACUC responsibilities for animal care and use education and training programs. ILAR J 48:90-95. AVMA [American Veterinary Medical Association]. 2008. Introduc- tion to Ergonomics Guidelines for Veterinary Practice. April. Available at www.avma.org/issues/policy/ergonomics <http://www.avma.org/issues/ policy/ergonomics>. asp; accessed May 10, 2010. AVMA. 2010. Programs accredited by the AVMA Committee on Veterinary Technician Education and Activities (CVTEA). Available at www.avma.org/education/cvea/vettech_programs/ vettech_programs.asp; accessed January 4, 2010. Banks RE, Norton JN. 2008. A sample post-approval monitoring program in academia. ILAR J 49:402-418. Bayne KA, Garnett NL. 2008. Mitigating risk, facilitating research. ILAR J 49:369-371. Boissy A, Manteuffel G, Jensen MB, Moe RO, Spruijt B, Keeling L, Winckler C, Forkman B, Dimitrov I, Langbein J, Bakken M, Veissier I, Aubert A. 2007. Assesment of positive emotions in animals to improve their wel- fare. 92:375-397. Brown RE, Stanford L, Schellinck HM. 2000. Developing standard- ized behavioral tests for knockout and mutant mice. ILAR J 41:163-174. Bush RK. 2001. Assessment and treatment of laboratory animal al- lergy. ILAR J 42:55-64. Bush RK, Stave GM. 2003. Laboratory animal allergy: An update. ILAR J 44:28-51. CCAC [Canadian Council on Animal Care]. 1993. Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals, vol 1, 2nd ed. Olfert ED, Cross BM,

96 ÃÅÃµÃ¨ MÃ´ÆÂ°Ã¨Â¬Ã·Å Â«Ã°ÂµÃ®â¢ Ã±Å¸Ãâ¹ Ã°Ã²Â¡Ã°Â£â Â®Å¸Ã¨Â£Ã¹ ÃµNÃ¨Â£â Â® McWilliam AA, eds. Ontario: CCAC. CCAC. 1998. Guidelines on Choosing an Appropriate Endpoint in Experiments Using Animals for Research, Teaching and Testing. Ottawa. Available at www.ccac.ca/en/CCAC_Programs/ Guidelines_Policies/gdlines/endpts/appopen.htm; accessed May 10, 2010. CDC [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] and NIH [Na- tional Institutes of Health]. 2000. Primary Containment for Biohazards: Se- lection, Installation and Use of Biological Safety Cabinets, 2nd ed. Wash- ington: Government Printing Office. Available at www.cdc <http:// www.cdc>. gov/od/ohs/biosfty/bsc/bsc.htm; accessed May 25, 2010. CFR [Code of Federal Regulations]. 1984a. Title 10, Part 20. Stan- dards for Protection against Radiation. Washington: Office of the Federal Register. CFR. 1984b. Title 29, Part 1910, Occupational Safety and Health Standards, Subpart G, Occupational Health and Environmental Control, and Subpart Z, Toxic and Hazardous Substances. Washington: Office of the Fed- eral Register. CFR. 1984c. Title 29, Part 1910. Occupational Safety and Health Standards; Subpart I, Personal Protective Equipment. Washington: Office of the Federal Register. CFR. 1998. Title 29, Section 1910.120. Inspection Procedures for the Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response Standard. Wash- ington: Office of the Federal Register. April 24. CFR. 2002a. Title 42, Part 73. Possession, Use and Transfer of Se- lect Agents and Toxins. Washington: Office of the Federal Register. Decem- ber 13. CFR. 2002b. Title 7, Part 331; and Title 9, Part 121. Agricultural Bioterrorism Protection Act of 2002: Possession, Use and Transfer of Se- lect Agents and Toxins. Washington: Office of the Federal Register. Decem- ber 13. Cohen JI, Davenport DS, Stewart JA, Deitchmann S, Hilliard JK, Chapman LE, B Virus Working Group. 2002. Recommendations for pre- vention of and therapy for exposure to B virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1). Clin Infect Dis 35:1191-1203.

MÃ´ÆÂ°Å Ã°Ã³Â£Ã±KÅ Â¹, Ã°Ã²Â¡Ã°Â£â Â´Ë Fâ Ã¬â¹ 97 Colby LA, Turner PV, Vasbinder MA. 2007. Training strategies for laboratory animal veterinarians: Challenges and opportunities. ILAR J 48:143-155. Collins JG. 2008. Postapproval monitoring and the IACUC. ILAR J 49:388-392. Conarello SL, Shepard MJ. 2007. Training strategies for research investigators and technicians. ILAR J 48:120-130. Crawley JN. 1999. Behavioral phenotyping of transgenic and knock- out mice: Experimental design and evaluation of general health, sensory functions, motor abilities, and specific behavioral tests. Brain Res 835:18- 26. Dale WE. 2008. Postapproval monitoring and the role of the com- pliance office. ILAR J 49:393-401. Dennis MB. 1999. Institutional animal care and use committee re- view of genetic engineering. In: Gonder JC, Prentice ED, Russow L-M, eds. Genetic Engineering and Animal Welfare: Preparing for the 21st Century. Greenbelt MD: Scientists Center for Animal Welfare. Dennis MB. 2000. Humane endpoints for genetically engineered animal models. ILAR J 41:94-98. DHHS [Department of Health and Human Services]. 2009. Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, 5th ed. Chosewood LC, Wilson DE, eds. Washington: Government Printing Office. Available at <http://www.cdc.gov/biosafety/publications/bmbl5/index>. htm; accessed July 30, 2010. FASS [Federation of Animal Science Societies]. 2010. Guide for the Care and Use of Agricultural Animals in Research and Teaching, 3rd ed. Champlain, IL: FASS. Fechter LD. 1995. Combined effects of noise and chemicals. Occup Med 10:609-621. Foshay WR, Tinkey PT. 2007. Evaluating the effective- ness of training strategies: Performance goals and testing. ILAR J 48:156- 162. Frasier D, Talka J. 2005. Facility design considerations for select agent animal research. ILAR J 46:23-33. Gonder JC. 2002. Regulatory compliance. In: Suckow MA, Dou- glas FA, Weichbrod RH, eds. Management of Laboratory Animal Care and

98 ÃÅÃµÃ¨ MÃ´ÆÂ°Ã¨Â¬Ã·Å Â«Ã°ÂµÃ®â¢ Ã±Å¸Ãâ¹ Ã°Ã²Â¡Ã°Â£â Â®Å¸Ã¨Â£Ã¹ ÃµNÃ¨Â£â Â® Use Programs. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p 163-185. Gondo Y. 2008. Trends in large-scale mouse mutagenesis: From ge- netics to functional genomics. Nat Rev Genet 9:803-810. Gordon S. 2001. Laboratory animal allergy: A British perspective on a global problem. ILAR J 42:37-46. Gordon S, Wallace J, Cook A, Tee RD, Newman Taylor AJ. 1997. Reduction of exposure to laboratory animal allergens in the workplace. Clin Exp Allergy 27:744-751. Greene ME, Pitts ME, James ML. 2007. Training strategies for insti- tutional animal care and use committee (IACUC) members and the institu- tional official (IO). ILAR J 48:131-142. Harrison DJ. 2001. Controlling exposure to laboratory animal aller- gens. ILAR J 42:17-36. Heiderstadt KM, McLaughlin RM, Wright DC, Walker SE, Gomez- Sanchez CE. 2000. The effect of chronic food and water restriction on open- field behaviour and serum corticosterone levels in rats. Lab Anim 34:20-28. Hendriksen CFM, Steen B. 2000. Refinement of vaccine potency testing with the use of humane endpoints. ILAR J 41:105-113. Huerkamp MJ, Gladle MA, Mottet MP, Forde K. 2009. Ergonomic considerations and allergen management. In: Hessler JR, Lerner NMD, eds. Planning and Designing Research Animal Facilities. San Diego: Elsevier. p 115-128. ILAR [Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, National Research Council]. 2000. Humane Endpoints for Animals Used in Biomedical Re- search and Testing. ILAR J 41:59-123. ILAR. 2010. Disaster planning and management. ILAR J 51:101- 192. IRAC [Interagency Research Animal Committee]. 1985. US Gov- ernment Principles for Utilization and Care of Vertebrate Animals Used in Testing, Research, and Training. Federal Register, May 20, 1985. Washing- ton: Office of Science and Technology Policy. Available at http:// oacu.od.nih.gov/regs/USGovtPrncpl.htm; accessed May 10, 2010. Klein HJ, Bayne KA. 2007. Establishing a culture of care, conscience, and responsibility: Addressing the improvement of scientific discovery and

MÃ´ÆÂ°Å Ã°Ã³Â£Ã±KÅ Â¹, Ã°Ã²Â¡Ã°Â£â Â´Ë Fâ Ã¬â¹ 99 animal welfare through science based performance standards. ILAR J 48:3- 11. Kreger MD. 1995. Training Materials for Animal Facility Person- nel: AWIC Quick Bibliography Series, 95-08. Beltsville MD: National Ag- ricultural Library. Lassnig C, Kolb A, Strobl B, Enjuanes L, MÃ¼ller M. 2005. Studying human pathogens in human models: Fine tuning the humanized mouse. Transgenic Res 14:803-806. Laule GE, Bloomsmith MA, Schapiro SJ. 2003. The use of positive reinforcement training techniques to enhance the care, management, and welfare of primates in the laboratory. J Appl Anim Welf Sci 6:163-173. Lowman RP. 2008. The institutional official and postapproval moni- toring: The view from 10,000 feet. ILAR J 49:379-387. Mann MD, Prentice ED. 2004. Should IACUCs review scientific merit of animal research projects? Lab Anim (NY) 33:26-31. McCullough NV. 2000. Personal respiratory protection. In: Fleming DO, Hunt DL, eds. Biological Safety Principles and Practices. Washington: ASM Press. p 383-404. Meunier LD. 2006. Selection, acclimation, training and preparation of dogs for the research setting. ILAR J 47:326-347. Midwest Plan Service. 1987. Structures and Environment Handbook, 11th ed. rev. Ames: Midwest Plan Service, Iowa State University. Miller G. 2007. Science and the public: Animal extremists get per- sonal. Science 318:1856-1858. Moorehead RA, Sanchez OH, Baldwin RM, Khokha R. 2003. Transgenic overexpression of IGF-II induces spontaneous lung tumors: A model for human lung adenocarcinoma. Oncogene 22:853-857. Morton DB. 2000. A systematic approach for establishing humane endpoints. ILAR J 41:80-86. Morton WR, Knitter GH, Smith PV, Susor TG, Schmitt K. 1987. Alternatives to chronic restraint of nonhuman primates. JAVMA 191:1282-1286. Mumphrey SM, Changotra H, Moore TN, Heimann-Nichols ER, Wobus CE, Reilly MJ, Moghadamfalahi M, Shukla D, Karst SM. 2007. Murine norovirus 1 infection is associated with histopathological changes

100 ÃÅÃµÃ¨ MÃ´ÆÂ°Ã¨Â¬Ã·Å Â«Ã°ÂµÃ®â¢ Ã±Å¸Ãâ¹ Ã°Ã²Â¡Ã°Â£â Â®Å¸Ã¨Â£Ã¹ ÃµNÃ¨Â£â Â® in immunocompetent hosts, but clinical disease is prevented by STAT1- dependent interferon responses. J Virol 81:3251-3263. Newcomer CE. 2002. Hazard identification and control. In: Suckow MA, Douglas FA, Weichbrod RH, eds. Management of Laboratory Animal Care and Use Programs. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. p 291-324. NIH [National Institutes of Health]. 2002. Guidelines for Research Involving Recombinant DNA Molecules. April. Available at <http:// oba.od.nih.gov/rdna/nih_guidelines_oba.html>; accessed May 20, 2010. NIH. 2008. Guidelines for the Use of Non-Pharmaceutical-Grade Chemicals/Compounds in Laboratory Animals. Animal Research Advisory Committee, Office of Animal Care and Use, NIH. Available at <http:// oacu.od.nih.gov/ARAC/documents/Pharmaceutical_Compounds>. pdf; ac- cessed May 20, 2010. NIOSH [National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health]. 1997a. Elements of Ergonomics Programs: A Primer Based on Workplace Evaluations of Musculoskeletal Disorders (NIOSH Publication No. 97-117). Cincinnati: NIOSH. p 16-24. NIOSH. 1997b. Musculoskeletal Disorders and Workplace Factors: A Critical Review of Epidemiologic Evidence for Work-Related Muscu- loskeletal Disorders of the Neck, Upper Extremity, and Low Back. Bernard B, ed. Cincinnati: DHHS, PHS, CDDC, NIOSH. p 1-12. NRC [National Research Council]. 1991. Education and Training in the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: A Guide for Developing Institu- tional Programs. Washington: National Academy Press. NRC. 1997. Occupational Health and Safety in the Care and Use of Research Animals. Washington: National Academy Press. NRC. 2003a. Occupational Health and Safety in the Care and Use of Nonhuman Primates. Washington: National Academies Press. NRC. 2003b. Guidelines for the Care and Use of Mammals in Neu- roscience and Behavioral Research. Washington: National Academies Press. NRC. 2004. Biotechnology Research in an Age of Terrorism. Wash- ington: National Academies Press. OECD [Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]. 1999. Guidance Document on Humane Endpoints for Experimental Ani- mals Used in Safety Evaluation Studies. Paris: OECD.

MÃ´ÆÂ°Å Ã°Ã³Â£Ã±KÅ Â¹, Ã°Ã²Â¡Ã°Â£â Â´Ë Fâ Ã¬â¹ 101 Olfert ED, Godson DL. 2000. Humane endpoints for infectious dis- ease animal models. ILAR J 41:99-104. OSHA [Occupational Safety and Health Administration]. 1998a. Occupational Safety and Health Standards. Subpart G, Occupational Health and Environmental Controls (29 CFR 1910). Washington: Department of Labor. OSHA. 1998b. Occupational Safety and Health Standards. Subpart Z, Toxic and Hazardous Substances, Bloodborne Pathogens (29 CFR 1910.1030). Washington: Department of Labor. OSHA. 1998c. Occupational Safety and Health Standards. Subpart G, Occupational Health and Environmental Controls, Occupational Noise Exposure (29 CFR 1910.95). Washington: Department of Labor. OSHA. 1998d. Occupational Safety and Health Standards. Subpart I, Personal Protective Equipment, Respiratory Protection (29 CFR 1910.134). Washington: Department of Labor. Paster EV, Villines KA, Hickman DL. 2009. Endpoints for mouse abdominal tumor models: Refinement of current criteria. Comp Med 59:234- 241. PHS [Public Health Service]. 2002. Public Health Service Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, Office of Laboratory Ani- mal Welfare. Available at <http://grants.nih.gov/grants/> olaw/references/ phspol.htm; accessed January 14, 2010. PL [Public Law] 104-191. 1996. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996. Washington: Government Printing Office. PL 107-56. 2001. Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (USA PA- TRIOT) Act of 2001. Washington: Government Printing Office. October 26. PL 107-188. 2002. Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Prepared- ness and Response Act of 2002. Washington: Government Printing Office. June 12. Plante A, James ML. 2008. Program oversight enhancements (POE): The big PAM. ILAR J 49:419-425.

102 ÃÅÃµÃ¨ MÃ´ÆÂ°Ã¨Â¬Ã·Å Â«Ã°ÂµÃ®â¢ Ã±Å¸Ãâ¹ Ã°Ã²Â¡Ã°Â£â Â®Å¸Ã¨Â£Ã¹ ÃµNÃ¨Â£â Â® Prescott MJ, Buchanan-Smith HM. 2003. Training nonhuman pri- mates using positive reinforcement techniques. J Appl Anim Welf Sci 6:157- 161. Pritt S, Duffee N. 2007. Training strategies for animal care techni- cians and veterinary technical staff. ILAR J 48:109-119. Reeb-Whitaker CK, Harrison, DJ, Jones RB, Kacergis JB, Myers DD, Paigen B. 1999. Control strategies for aeroallergens in an animal facil- ity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 103:139-146. Reinhardt V. 1991. Training adult male rhesus monkeys to actively cooperate during inhomecage venipuncture. Anim Technol 42:11-17. Reinhardt V. 1995. Restraint methods of laboratory non-human pri- mates: A critical review. Anim Welf 4:221-238. Richmond JY, Hill RH, Weyant RS, Nesby-OâDell SL, Vinson PE. 2003. Whatâs hot in animal biosafety? ILAR J 44:20-27. Rowland NE. 2007. Food or fluid restriction in common laboratory animals: Balancing welfare considerations with scientific inquiry. Comp Med 57:149-160. Sargent EV, Gallo F. 2003. Use of personal protective equipment for respiratory protection. ILAR J 44:52-56. Sass N. 2000. Humane endpoints and acute toxicity testing. ILAR J 41:114-123. Sauceda R, Schmidt MG. 2000. Refining macaque handling and re- straint techniques. Lab Anim 29:47-49. Schweitzer IB, Smith E, Harrison DJ, Myers DD, Eggleston PA, Stockwell JD, Paigen B, Smith AL. 2003. Reducing exposure to laboratory animal allergens. Comp Med 53:487-492. Seward JP. 2001. Medical surveillance of allergy in laboratory ani- mal handlers. ILAR J 42:47-54. Silverman J, Sukow MA, Murthy S, eds. 2007. The IACUC Handbook, 2nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. Stokes WS. 2000. Reducing unrelieved pain and distress in labora- tory animals using humane endpoints. ILAR J 41:59-61. Stokes WS. 2002. Humane endpoints for laboratory animals used in regulatory testing. ILAR J 43:S31-S38. Stricklin WR, Mench JA. 1994. Oversight of the use of agricultural

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