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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Acronyms." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Reducing the Threat of Improvised Explosive Device Attacks by Restricting Access to Explosive Precursor Chemicals. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24862.
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Appendix A

Acronyms

ACC American Chemistry Council
AN ammonium nitrate
AN/FO ammonium nitrate / fuel oil
ANNIE ammonium nitrate nitrobenzene improvised explosive
ANSP Ammonium Nitrate Security Program
ATF Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives
BAU+ business as usual plus
BCA benefit-cost analysis
BP black powder
CAN calcium ammonium nitrate
CBP U.S. Customs and Border Protection
CDL commercial drivers’ license
CERCLA Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act
CFATS Chemical Facility Anti-Terrorism Standards
CHP concentrated hydrogen peroxide
COAG Council of Australian Governments
C-TPAT Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism
DA Department of the Army
DEA Drug Enforcement Administration
DHS U.S. Department of Homeland Security
DOC U.S. Department of Commerce
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Acronyms." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Reducing the Threat of Improvised Explosive Device Attacks by Restricting Access to Explosive Precursor Chemicals. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24862.
×
DOD U.S. Department of Defense
DOJ U.S. Department of Justice
DOL U.S. Department of Labor
DOT U.S. Department of Transportation
EAP emergency action plan
EC European Commission
EGDN ethylene glycol dinitrate
EPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
EPCRA Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act
ERD Explosives Regulatory Division
ET exploding target
EU European Union
EU MS European Union member states
FALN Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional
FARC Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia
FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation
FDA U.S. Food and Drug Administration
FGAN fertilizer grade ammonium nitrate
GPS global positioning system
HME homemade explosive
HMTD hexamethylene triperoxide diamine
IATA International Air Transport Association
ID identification
IED improvised explosive device
IME Institute of Makers of Explosives
IS icing sugar
ISIS Islamic State
KSP Known Shipper Program
MS member states (of the EU)
MSHA Mine Safety and Health Administration
MTSA Maritime Transportation Security Act
NACD National Association of Chemical Distributors
NFPA National Fire Protection Association
NG nitroglycerine
NPPD Nation Protection and Programs Directorate
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Acronyms." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Reducing the Threat of Improvised Explosive Device Attacks by Restricting Access to Explosive Precursor Chemicals. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24862.
×
OMB Office of Management and Budget
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration
PBIED person-borne improvised explosive device
PETN pentaerythritol tetranitrate
PGS Programme Global Shield
PHMSA Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration
PIRA Provisional Irish Republican Army
PPF powder, paste, and flake
SCP Standing Committee on Precursors
SOCMA Society of Chemical Manufacturers and Affiliates
SSAN security sensitive ammonium nitrate
TATP triacetone triperoxide
TGAN technical grade ammonium nitrate
TNT trinitrotoluene
TSA Transportation Security Administration
TSCA Toxic Substances Control Act
TWIC Transportation Workers Identification Credential
UAN urea ammonium nitrate
UFF United Freedom Front
UN United Nations
UPS United Parcel Service
U.S. United States
USBDC U.S. Bomb Data Center
USCG U.S. Coast Guard
USPS U.S. Postal Service
VBIED vehicle-borne improvised explosive device
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Acronyms." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Reducing the Threat of Improvised Explosive Device Attacks by Restricting Access to Explosive Precursor Chemicals. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24862.
×

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Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Acronyms." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Reducing the Threat of Improvised Explosive Device Attacks by Restricting Access to Explosive Precursor Chemicals. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24862.
×
Page 141
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Acronyms." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Reducing the Threat of Improvised Explosive Device Attacks by Restricting Access to Explosive Precursor Chemicals. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24862.
×
Page 142
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Acronyms." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Reducing the Threat of Improvised Explosive Device Attacks by Restricting Access to Explosive Precursor Chemicals. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24862.
×
Page 143
Suggested Citation:"Appendix A: Acronyms." National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. 2018. Reducing the Threat of Improvised Explosive Device Attacks by Restricting Access to Explosive Precursor Chemicals. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/24862.
×
Page 144
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Improvised explosive devices (IEDs) are a type of unconventional explosive weapon that can be deployed in a variety of ways, and can cause loss of life, injury, and property damage in both military and civilian environments. Terrorists, violent extremists, and criminals often choose IEDs because the ingredients, components, and instructions required to make IEDs are highly accessible. In many cases, precursor chemicals enable this criminal use of IEDs because they are used in the manufacture of homemade explosives (HMEs), which are often used as a component of IEDs.

Many precursor chemicals are frequently used in industrial manufacturing and may be available as commercial products for personal use. Guides for making HMEs and instructions for constructing IEDs are widely available and can be easily found on the internet. Other countries restrict access to precursor chemicals in an effort to reduce the opportunity for HMEs to be used in IEDs. Although IED attacks have been less frequent in the United States than in other countries, IEDs remain a persistent domestic threat. Restricting access to precursor chemicals might contribute to reducing the threat of IED attacks and in turn prevent potentially devastating bombings, save lives, and reduce financial impacts.

Reducing the Threat of Improvised Explosive Device Attacks by Restricting Access to Explosive Precursor Chemicals prioritizes precursor chemicals that can be used to make HMEs and analyzes the movement of those chemicals through United States commercial supply chains and identifies potential vulnerabilities. This report examines current United States and international regulation of the chemicals, and compares the economic, security, and other tradeoffs among potential control strategies.

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