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ACADEMIC R&D EXPENDITURES 52 ACADEMIC R&D: SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING FIELDS As a share of total academic R&D expenditures, the life sciences have increased from just over 40 percent in the late 1950s to about 55 percent by the mid-1970s. They have remained at 1970s levels throughout the 1980s. Conversely, the share of the physical sciences has declined from 20 percent in the 1950s to just above 10 percent by the mid-1970s, where it has remained. The share of the social and other behavioral sciences doubled from 7 percent in the late 1950s to 14 percent during the 1960s; during the 1980s, it returned to below 10 percent of the total. Figure 2-25: Academic R&D Expenditures by Science and Engineering Field Figure 2-26: Distribution of Academic R&D Expenditures by Science and Engineering Field NOTE: Data series within the figures are not overlapped; top line represents total. Financial data are expressed in 1988 constant dollars to reflect real long-term growth trends. DEFINITION OF TERMS: Academic R&D expenditures include current-fund expenditures within higher education institutions for all research and development activities that are separately budgeted and accounted for. This includes both sponsored research activities (sponsored by federal and non-federal agencies and organizations) and university research separately budgeted under and internal application of institutional funds; but excludes training, public service, demonstration projects, departmental research not separately budgeted, and FFRDCs. Life sciences include agricultural, biological, medical, and other health sciences. Physical sciences include astronomy, chemistry, and physics. Engineering includes aeronautical and astronautical, chemical, civil, electrical, and mechanical engineering. Environment includes oceanography, atmospheric, and earth sciences. Mathematics/Computer science includes all fields of mathematics and computer-related sciences. Social/ Other include economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Policy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection. Primary data source: National Science Foundation, Division of Science Resource Studies, Survey of Scientific and Engineering Expenditures at Universities and Colleges.
