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SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING DEGREES. 97 PH.D. DEGREES BY CITIZENSHIP: NATURAL SCIENCES Since 1978, the share of Ph.D. degrees in natural sciences awarded to foreign students with temporary U.S. visas grew from 14 percent to 24 percent by 1988. Figure 2-104: Ph.D. Degrees Awarded in Natural Sciences by Citizenship Figure 2-105: Distribution of Ph.D. Degrees Awarded in Natural Sciences by Citizenship NOTE: Data series within the figures are not overlapped; top line represents total. DEFINITION OF TERMS: Natural Sciences Ph.D degrees include the following fields: life sciences, biological, medical, and other health sciences; physical sciences including astronomy, chemistry, and physics; environmental sciences including oceanography, atmospheric, and earth sciences; and mathematics and computer science includes all fields of mathematics and computer-related sciences. U.S. Citizens include native-born or naturalized citizens of the United States. Non-U.S. (Permanent Visa) includes all aliens residing in the United States on a permanent visa. Non-U.S. (Temporary Visa) includes all aliens residing in the United States on a temporary visa. SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Division of Policy Research and Analysis. Database: CASPAR. Some of the data within this database are estimates, incorporated where there are discontinuities within data series or gaps in data collection. Primary data source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education General Information Survey (HEGIS): Degrees and Other Formal Awards Conferred; National Science Foundation, Division for Science Resources Studies, Survey of Recent Science and Engineering Graduates.